Positives and Negatives

All individuals in this world are extraordinary. They feel distinctively and have various abilities. Despite the fact that they have various aptitudes, qualities and shortcomings, there will be approximately ones normal among the individuals. In like manner, a portion of my qualities and shortcomings may be like that of my companions, guardians, family members, individuals around the globe and some not. That is the means by which we are made. Despite the fact that, qualities and shortcomings isn’t a perpetual thing. It tends to be taken a shot at and can be improved and polished.I am an exceptionally lively, mindful and cherishing individual who never neglects to grin ordinary. I will in general stay glad more often than not and accept grin is one of the best blessing given to us. At the point when we give a grin, it may bloom the remainder of the day of someone else. In addition, I am an idealistic individual who likes to try sincerely and consistently accepts on the off chan ce that we buckle down enough, nothing is difficult to accomplish. I like to be sure and consider myself a brisk student. Without certainty, accomplishing our objectives, targets is very difficult.I am a blunt, unselfish, cooperative person with the driving force and readiness to learn and confront difficulties. These are a portion of the qualities I trust I have in me. Discussing a portion of my shortcomings, I in some cases get passionate which influences my everyday life. Likewise, I feel that I am delicate to my reactions. At the point when this occurs, I some of the time become irascible. My another shortcoming is that at times, I will in general think little of myself which is one of my greatest shortcoming I accept so far.Although I have my qualities and shortcoming, there are a few qualities I trust I might want to clean and a few shortcomings I might want to improve. As a matter of first importance, I am sure however now and again, I may will in general be anxious. I might especially want to improve that and stay sure constantly, however never be arrogant. I try sincerely yet some of the time, I get occupied and influences my work. I might want to improve that and be increasingly engaged. As to shortcomings, the primary thing I might want to improve is keep in mind myself.I ought to consistently cause myself to accept that I have it in me to accomplish a specific work. Additionally, some of the time, I get irritable which may hurt many individuals. In this way, I have to keep myself quiet and never act harshly. I trust I have communicated . These are a portion of the qualities and shortcomings I trust I have in me. A few qualities should be cleaned and a few shortcomings should be improved. There is no uncertainty that it tends to be accomplished on the grounds that these are not lasting. This is the thing that makes me and I am pleased with who I am.

Arizona statehood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arizona statehood - Essay Example Needing to come back to Spain, de Vaca turned him down, and Marcos went to Estevanico for help, releasing him in front of him. Francisco Vasquez drove an attacking armed force of Spaniards, searching for the legendary gold urban areas, the next year (AZ Big Media, 2011). In any case, Coronado made it just to the extent Kansas before turning around, his solitary significant revelation being the Grand Canyon. For the following 250 years, from 1540-1810, the Spaniards governed Arizona, thinking of it as a desert land that was useless and disregarded its locals (The Robinson Library, 2012). It was alluded to as New Spain’s Pimeria Alta settlement. In any case, silver and gold were before long found and they started extending their impact by moving around there. Arizona’s name originates from Spaniard claimed silver mines. Father Kino who was an Italian cleric joined the Spaniards and was the most well known European right now. Father Kino was instrumental in bringing new cu ltivating strategies and instruction. As a savage rival of servitude, he was colossally well known among the locals of Arizona (The Robinson Library, 2012). During his crucial carry the Southern Arizona clans to Christianity, he built up twenty-four towns and missions including Tucson. Mexico picked up freedom from Spain in 1810 and Arizona framed piece of its domain. Some American mountain men ventured into Arizona, including Kit Carson who was the primary American to venture to every part of the length of Arizona and back, yet it was disregarded for some time since its clans were viewed as savages. America moved against Mexico in 1846 to hold onto land extending from Texas down to the Pacific Ocean (e-RD, 2011). Be that as it may, they had no real way to get to California, which they had just settled enthusiasm for before the start of the war. Then again, the Mormons had been expelled from Illinois, and they needed to set up a province in Utah. In this manner, they hit an arrangem ent with the US government as providers of work to manufacture a street from New Mexico to San Diego. They dealt with this however by utilizing a more drawn out course than was essential, despite the fact that this implied they got away from the Apaches, who were known to be horrendous and would have assaulted them (e-RD, 2011). In the wake of, winning the Mexican war, the inquiry went to the drawing of the Southern outskirt. The Northern States, which were the most predominant, needed the line as north as conceivable since New Mexico and Southern Arizona was a slave a cordial area as it lay south of the line at Mason-Dixon (Facts About..., 2012). The fringe was in this manner drawn along the Gila River. Diplomat James Gadsden at that point headed out to Mexico with the perspective on making a buy for some of Mexican domain. Mexico really required this cash and offered the North of Mexico and Baja California. In any case, Congress approved an absolute minimum to recover the Mormon f abricated street as they feared including a more area that ran subjugation. As per Mexican law, local clans had their territory claims perceived yet Americans just considered title deeds as land claims. The Apache wars kept going from 1848 to 1886 with the acquiescence of Geronimo after which the south of New Mexico was charged with the American Confederate States (Facts About..., 2012). Arizona has a remarkable political history. It was the main state to permit ladies voters, just as the first to permit judges to be reviewed. It was likewise the primary state to let open petitions abrogate the council and constitution of the state. Its ongoing changes have included state

An Introduction to Sweden

An Introduction to Sweden Sweden At the point when individuals catch wind of Sweden, they consider IKEA. In any case, there is a lot of history and profundity behind the nation other than an enormous home products store chain. The connection between the US and Sweden is close and common, as Sweden had pioneers in the some the 13 settlements and was one of the absolute first nations to perceive that the US was getting autonomous from England. Albeit numerous individuals contrast the size of Sweden with the size of California, as they are generally a similar size, Sweden really has the fourth biggest land size and territory in Europe. Many intriguing highlights of Sweden are its physical highlights, farming, and its various social highlights. Sweden is formally called the Kingdom of Sweden, and is likewise in some cases called Mother Svea by its occupants. Sweden is situated on the European landmass, and is one of the northernmost nations, flanking Finland and Norway. Sweden is enormous, contrasted with nations in Europe, and has a zone of 441,370 kmâ ². California is generally a similar size as Sweden, in spite of the fact that Sweden is 1.04 occasions greater, as California has a zone of 423,970 kmâ ². Contrasted with the United States, Sweden is small, as Sweden is 0.04 occasions greater than the US. The US has a region of 9,833,000 kmâ ², including Hawaii and Alaska. In spite of the fact that Sweden is a little nation, it develops and delivers numerous items. Sweden essentially develops yields, for example, oats, wheat, grain, rye, potatoes, root crops, vegetables, natural products, and sugar beets. This is essential to the nation, as Sweden needs to have bountiful measures of food to endure the long, dull winter. Sweden has a various scope of businesses, however the principle ventures are broadcast communications, pharmaceuticals, mechanical machines, accuracy gear, concoction merchandise, home products and apparatuses, ranger service, iron, and steel. Sweden stays an independant nation, as all that they need is primarily created in their nation. Sweden has a steady economy, with one of the most minimal neediness rates on the European landmass at 3.7%, contrasted with Spain, having probably the most noteworthy rate at 9.8%. The primary fares of Sweden are the results of their businesses, and they import numerous things, for example, oil, vehicles, vehicle parts, and PCs, all items that are hard to make in their nations. Despite the fact that Sweden appears to be an extraordinary spot to live in, the moderately chilly atmosphere may impact your conclusion. Sweden has a gentle atmosphere contrasted with its neighboring nations, having a normal summer temperature of about 55.4-62.6㠢„†°, in spite of the fact that it has had a high of 68㠢„†° recorded. In the winter, quite a bit of Sweden is dull, as the sun just remains for a couple of hours before it gets dim. Along these lines, Sweden has temperatures of underneath 32㠢„†°, and has arrived at an untouched low of - 7.6㠢„†°. Substantial measures of snow shower Swedens scene from December to April, and icebreakers ships need to separate the entirety of the ice so as to keep the significant ports open in guests and cargo.â Although Sweden is gentle as far as temperature to its brethren, it has a tremendous measure of various landforms than its neighbors. Swedens landforms change definitely from the north toward the south. In the north, tall mountains and thick timberlands command a significant part of the scene, making the region practically cold. In focal and southern Sweden, up to 100,000 lakes have been archived, with probably the biggest ones associated by trenches, with lower mountain ranges dissipated over the scene. The different measure of landforms implies that Sweden has overflowing measures of characteristic assets, for example, iron metal, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, and feldspar, just as huge freshwater lakes and backwoods. This assists Sweden with creating a significant number of its items that it sends out, taking into consideration the administration and nation to profit by their environmental factors. The particular scene and characteristic assets implies that Sweden has built up an intriguing society. Sweden has its own language, Swedish, yet in addition has 5 other authority dialects, which incorporate Finnish, Yiddish, Sami, Meã ¤nkieli and Romani. Alongside their numerous official dialects, they celebrate numerous occasions, which go from New Years, Epiphany, Good Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday, May First, Ascension Day, Whit Sunday, National Day, Midsummer Day, All Saints Day, Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, and Boxing Day. There are a lot more occasions that Sweden celebrates, yet the special seasons recorded above are the most significant social occasions. Instruction is imperative to the Swedes, as you are required to go to at any rate nine years of school after kids turn the period of seven.â There are numerous recreational exercises to do in the open country, for example, skiing, chasing, and horse riding. Swedens history formed the nourishments that the Swedish customarily eat. Conventional nourishments incorporate meatballs, dark pudding, pink restored salmon, cured herring, and crispbread. A typical topping is lingonberry jam, and goes with numerous nourishments and tidbits. Numerous sandwiches are made with just one cut of bread, from the Medieval custom of utilizing bread as a plate; Ever since World War II, Swedes grew up eating pea soup and flapjacks. Sweden cherishes cakes, as they have an entire day devoted to cinnamon bun, properly called Cinnamon Bun Day, just as different baked goods, for example, their popular princess cake. Princess cake isn't just for the illustrious family, as individuals can eat it at whatever point they need. Other than cakes, Sweden likewise adores fish, normally expending crawfish and matured harsh herring. A large number of these intriguing nourishments and dishes help make Sweden extraordinary, alongside it being one of the last nations that despite everything has a ruler, in spite of the fact that the lord doesnt have a ton of control over the nation, and is fundamentally only there as an image of the times of old, when Sweden was managed by rulers and sovereigns. As you have perused, Sweden is a nation with a profound and rich history, beginning from the early Bronze, crossing more than 3,000 years, from 1000 A.D, where Sweden was bound together, until the 21st century. Sweden has numerous physical highlights and culture that is absent in the US, and may appear to be odd to us. For instance, Sweden communicates in six authority dialects: Swedish, Finnish, Yiddish, Sami, Meã ¤nkieli and Romani. The famous story of the historical backdrop of Sweden can make you take a gander at the nation in an unexpected way, rather than considering them the organizer of a furniture store.

Health And Body Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

Wellbeing And Body Essay, Research Paper In all pieces of life there are times of hardship that we should stand up to, the existent test by and by, is the thing that and how we gain from stifling those tests. There have been ordinarily that I have been confronted with hardship, it has occurred in all features of my life at some clasp. Regardless of whether it is covering with the good and bad times of hockey or equilibrating the power per unit region that accompanies a choose hockey motivation and secondary school, there are ever hindrances. A portion of these difficulties can pass on around constructive outcomes that impact the method of one # 8217 ; s life. In one such experience of mine, the whole of hardship was non close to each piece incredible as the positive out come that originated from my experience. It happened when I was 13, I endured a hockey hurt that helped me to perceive the nation I needed to dissect and ideally have profession in. The clasp it took me to restore my shoulder was a clasp of extraordinary procurement for me yet it other than accompanied an incredible exchange of hardship. It was a harmed that sidelined me for hebdomads while at a similar clasp pushed me on my way to another hard working attitude and another excitement for securing. At the point when I was in grade seven, I was playing my second twelvemonth of half-pint hockey and playing for my middle school crew each piece great. The middle school meeting permitted checking and the pipsqueak gathering did non. As a result of this I was non acquainted with the new aspect of hockey welcomed on by look intoing. I was harmed in a serious game against our opponent middle school, which was loaded up with plentifulness of look intoing. I was on the having terminal of a savage check from behind which is something non allowed in any meeting, the member that hit me got a discipline and a game discharge. I attempted to continue playing however it was no use, I was not really ready to raise my arm. I wound up in the hospital where the doctor educated me that I had severely disengaged my left shoulder and would hold to lose up to three hebdomads of show. I had neer been compelled to lose hockey in view of a hurt previously and it was the most exceedingly terrible knowledge I had ever heard. The clasp I missed from hockey was one of the most hard periods I had experienced up to that point. The doctor at the hospital alluded me to a physical advisor, whom I met with multiple times. The physical specialist, who appeared to be a little new to my hurt, gave me a practicing plan that should patch my shoulder. Since the doctor and physical advisor I abdominal muscle initio met with were non athleticss specializers I would consequently be gone up against with the way that an incoherent shoulder takes more than just a couple of hebdomads to repair and it can # 8217 ; t truly be resolved to what extent it takes until it has been recuperated. I sacredly followed the practicing plan given to me by my physical advisor yet was seeing least improvement. After the underlying three hebdomads was over I was still in an incredible exchange of harming and still had issue voyaging my arm. Similarly evident as the way that I could non play was, I despite everything attempted to change over my folks that I could come back to playing hockey. They felt it was better for me to hold it checked by a specializer. Since I was all the while encountering harming I choose to accept their recommendation. My dad organized a task with one of the top orthopedic/sports clinical forte specializers in Nova Scotia. She inspected my shoulder and found that my old rehabilitative government was uneffective, the mischief was more regrettable than I had suspected and she revealed to me that I would non have the option to participate in any contact sports for the accompanying three to six hebdomads. A referral from this doctor sent me to a physical specialist thus a kinesiologist who gave me an alternate, progressively exacting practicing plan that delivered incredible improvement to my shoulder. This arrangement was a lot harder truly and took considerably more promise to follow. I was getting up one hr prior for school every forenoon with the goal that I could make the exercisings twice a twenty-four hours. I had neer needed to work so troublesome at something before in my life yet coming back to hockey each piece in no time as potential was something I was truly resolved to succeed at. While following this arrangement I increased a strengthened hard working attitude. I understood for the main clasp that to help through something as enormous and all of import as this, it would take a longing that out gauged every other interruption ; I had made coming back to hockey my central priority. This new misgiving of the committedness it took to improve of such checks a little bit at a time appeared in different nations in this manner on in my life. Alongside this new hard working attitude I other than discovered I had built up an excitement for rehabilitative logical controls. The things being advised to me by the healers and specializers that I was all the time run intoing with were fascinating to me and inspired me to look for and determine more perception about what they were expressing me. Through things like independe nt investigation into quality arrangement and inquisitive my physical advisor the same number of requests as I would, I be able to was inferring cognizance of the human natural structure and how it functions from a strong perspective. The things that I was larning about my natural structure were an incredible exchange simpler to recover than what I was larning at school and I was securing satisfaction out of it each piece great. The method of restoring my shoulder wound up taking four hebdomads more than anticipated yet with the guidance of the new specializers I was run intoing with, it went great and was a triumph. My shoulder mended in cut for me to fall in my crews for end of the season games and both wound up making rather great. That all things considered was non the best achievement I picked up from the rehabilitative technique. I wound up scrutinizing the longing to get more prominent comprehension about the human natural structure and how it recuperates harms like the one I endured and how that method can be improved through practicing and quality arrangement. I inquired about the Internet, libraries and health magazines trying to occur as much data as possible roughly this association I was creating. As clasp went on I kept on looking into and was holding the data I discovered, I was non ready to make this as simple with different themes. As my discernment developed my longing to larn more developed alongside it. All through my surveies I saw that a great part of the data I was obtaining had experience with organic science. My tutoring to that point managed tiny with natural science. An inclusion in organic science started to create as a result of my longing to larn increasingly about athleticss clinical claim to fame. I concluded that to more readily comprehend the things I was larning according to athleticss clinical claim to fame I would take organic science in secondary school. At the point when I entered class 11 I found the organic science class thrilling, for the main clasp I was lolling what my teacher at school was learning and I began looking frontward to my natural science classification. I in the blink of an eye discovered that I needed to cultivate my overview of bot h organic science and athleticss clinical claim to fame in University. I chose the most ideal route for me to bring is to get down with an undergrad grade in organic science. I have late made numerous relinquishes, both socially and physically with the goal that I can better my classs in different themes with an end goal to infer gateway to a perceived college. The different classs I have chosen this twelvemonth, for example, compound science and math, will help to fix me for my future surveies. I have focused hard on my classs and experience sure that my troublesome work will pass on achievement in achieving my finishes. I have even seen that my mentality toward my surveies and securing is somewhat unique in relation to that of a portion of my equivalents. There are different features of my life that I have changed and enhanced as an outcome of this experience do non partner to my guidance. The devotion that I put into restoring my shoulder hurt constrained me to go on quality readiness and that along these lines gave me a favorable position over my opposition in hockey. I have improved, as a hockey member since I understood at an early age the stuff to achieve closes that are of import to you and accomplishment in hockey has been one of my the vast majority of import closes. In the previous not many mature ages I have had numerous odds in hockey and have had the option to exploit them since I had the firmness to battle through minimal set dorsums and focus on the greater picture. My association in athleticss clinical claim to fame helped me to comprehend the significance of legitimate and complete planning as part of a solid life. My wellbeing is something I take sincerely as an outcome of being presented to health experts. I have as needs be built up a satisfaction in a grouping of exercises that will let me to be solid and dynamic for a mind-blowing duration. I am presently other than taking consideration of myself and taking protections in my readiness so I may loll similar advantages of a functioning way of life in the great beyond with out occupation. I am extremely appreciative that I had the option to get the insight I have about a functioning way of life since it has helped me to encounter better about my health and my natural structure. The experience I had with restoring my shoulder was an encounter that has transformed myself to improve things. It has helped me to offer myself to things that are of import to me like my guidance and sports and given me the discernment and resolve I expected to obtain through occasions of difficulty. I currently have an extremely solid and dynamic way of life, which I will keep each piece long as I can, and I comprehend the limitations I need to regard with the goal that I may go on it. The outcome I am generally satisfied with is the introduction I was given to the universe of biol

Should I Take My Antidepressant at Night or in the Morning

Should I Take My Antidepressant at Night or in the Morning Depression Treatment Medication Print Should I Take My Antidepressant at Night or in the Morning? Time It Right to Avoid Adverse Effects By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Paul Bradbury / Getty Images Determining if you should take your antidepressant at night or in the morning depends on the specific medication youre taking, its side effects, and how it influences your quality of life. Your prescribing doctor may suggest a specific time of day for you to take your antidepressant to minimize any common adverse  effectsâ€"commonly insomnia or drowsinessâ€"that may be associated with your particular prescription, but there are other factors to take into consideration as well. Insomnia Some antidepressantsâ€"such as Celexa (citalopram), Zoloft (sertraline), and Effexor (venlafaxine)â€"have sustained-release formulations, and do not appear to be any more or less effective when taken at varying times of the day. However, some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the class to which these medications belong, can disrupt sleep for some people and would be best taken in the morning.?? For example, the manufacturer of Prozac (fluoxetine)  recommends it be taken in the morning because it can make some people feel more energized, especially at the beginning of treatment. When Prozac is given in combination with Zyprexa (olanzapine)â€"a combination called Symbyaxâ€"as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression, its recommended to be taken in the evening as it can cause sleepiness. Paxil (paroxetine) is generally taken in the morning in order to prevent sleeplessness at night. However, it may be given at bedtime if it is found to cause drowsiness in the person taking it. Wellbutrin  (bupropion) is another antidepressant that is recommended to be taken in the morning in order to prevent insomnia at night.?? Drowsiness Unlike some SSRIs, certain other antidepressants tend to make you feel drowsy, so theyre better tolerated if you take them at bedtime.  Among these medications are Luvox (fluvoxamine), Remeron (mirtazapine), and the tricyclic antidepressants,?? including: Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Tofranil (imipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline) Sexual Issues If you experience sexual side effects (such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, or inability to ejaculate) from your antidepressant, the timing of when you take your antidepressant can make a difference. Taking medications like  Zoloft  (sertraline) or  tricyclic antidepressants  after you have sex may ensure the levels of the drug in your body are lowest at the time of sexual activity. If youre someone who experiences sexual side effects from your antidepressant, consider your pattern of sexual activity when you’re deciding when to take your medication. For example, if you are most likely to get frisky in the evening, taking your pill in the morning may work best for you. Nausea Some classes of antidepressants (mostly SSRIs) can trigger nausea as well as vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. While this often resolves itself as your body adjusts to the medication, sticking to a nighttime medication schedule can also help by hopefully allowing you to sleep through any digestive woes. Urinary Problems When prescribed in  children  or  adolescents, Zoloft can cause frequent urination as well as urinary incontinence. In this case, taking the pill in the morning can prevent any nighttime bedwetting. Side Effect When to Take Medication Insomnia Morning Drowsiness Bedtime Sexual Issues Morning Nausea Bedtime Urinary Problems Morning Other Optimal Medication Strategies In addition to discussing with your doctor the time of day that is best to take your antidepressant, its critical to remember that there are other strategies that affect how well your medication will work, including: Having patience. Antidepressants take time to work; potentially anywhere from 6 to 12 weeks for the full effect,?? although many people notice improvement within a week or two. When you start your antidepressant, keep in close contact with your doctor and stay positiveâ€"you can find a way to treat your condition, but it may take a little bit of trial and error.Staying consistent. Take your antidepressant as directed at the same time every day and do not stop it without first talking to your doctor.Addressing side effects. If your antidepressant is causing side effects, remember that many, if not all of them, will go away with time. If the side effects are intolerable, get in touch with your doctor right away, as there is a solution, such as a dose change, switching to a different antidepressant, or adding a second medication to manage the offensive side effect. A Word From Verywell Taking an antidepressant needs to be part of a well-thought-out plan with your doctor to maximize its benefits and minimize any potential side effects. Dont make any changes to your treatment plan without consulting with your doctor first; the recommendations noted above are general and may or may not be applicable to your own unique situation.   Your doctor will be able to provide you with specific recommendations about whether your antidepressant should be taken at a particular time of day for the best results for you.

History of the Study of Organizational Behavior Essay - 825 Words

History of the Study of Organizational Behavior (Essay Sample) Content: History of the Study of Organizational BehaviorNameInstitutionIntroductionMotivation is the mechanism that spurns employees enthusiasm to work without pressure. Motivation entails providing employees with a purpose to do certain assigned tasks. Successful managers have used motivation to quicken ordinary people to achieve exceptional results in all field of work. In this organization, the workers put minimum effort in the training. Consequently, they failed the exams and ended up retaking their exams. The manager is faced by a challenge of improving the programs so that the employees feel motivated. This leads to use of the reinforcement and expectancy theories of motivation.Lack of motivationThe employees may lack motivation in the training program implemented by the organization. This is shown by their bad performance in the exams that resulted in employees failure and retaking of exams. The lack of motivation can be explained using some motivation theories.Reinforc ement theoryIn this theory, the manager may use the extinction method to control the behavior of the employee. Extinction implies the absence of reinforcement. In other words, the management may lower probability of undesirable behavior by removing rewards for the behavior (Griffin Moorehead, 2012). Lack of reinforcement after a good performance by an employee makes them feel that their behavior is not generating fruitful consequences. Extinction of the reinforcements may unintentionally lower enviable behavior by the employees, hence their lack of motivation. In the organization, the employee puts minimum effort in the program offered resulting to failure in the exams.Equity theoryIn this motivation theory, an employees motivation level is interrelated to his perception of equity and justice practiced by the management. If the employee perceives fairness or equity, he will be extremely motivated to perform well. On the other hand, if he feels that there is less fairness, he will b e less motivated. However, employees do not only look at their impending rewards they also look at the rewards of their colleagues. Inequities occur when the employees feel that their reward are inferior compared to those of other people sharing the same workload. This employee will exhibit certain behavior showing that he is treated inequitably. He puts less effort in the job and asks for better rewards. He may even quit his job because he or she does not feel motivated (Werner DeSimone, 2009). The manager should ensure that negative consequences from equity are minimized significantly when allocating reward. In addition, the manager should carefully communicate the planned values of any reward offered. In addition, the performance criteria for rewarding employees should be elaborated and suggestions on the suitable comparison points made.Improvement of the programEmployees should work in a diverse work place in order to allow a clear integration of the multicultural environment. The manager needs to motivate the employees so that the training program is effective. Therefore, motivation theories that can be used to improve the program include:Expectancy theoryA manager needs to know whether an employee decides to work hard or err. In addition, he requires knowing if a planned rewards program has an opportunity of having a desired effect (Werner DeSimone, 2009). The expectancy theory suggests that the motivation of an employee is an outcome of three things. One of them is how much a person wants a reward. The other one is the evaluation that the possibility of this effort leads to expected performance. The final factor is the certainty that this performance will lead to a reward. If the employees expect to be rewarded after the exams, they will perform exemplary well in the exams. The manager correlates ideal outcomes to the expected performance level, by using the expectancy theory. Therefore, the manager must ensure that the employees achieve the expected performance level. This is through rewarding the deserving employees for their exceptional performance. As a result, this motivates the employees to do what they are expected to without pressure.The reinforcement theoryThe positive reinforcement theory states that the behavior that leads to p...

Robert Frost Essay - 814 Words

Robert Frost successfully taken readers imagination on a journey through the wintertime with his poems quot;Desert Placesquot; and quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.quot; Frosts New England background in these two poems reflect the beautiful scenery that is present in our part of the country. Even though these poems both have winter settings they contain completely different tones. One poem has a feeling of a depressing loneliness, and the other of feeling welcome. The poems show how the same setting can have totally different impacts on an individual depending on their mind set at the moment. These poems are both made up of simple stanzas and diction, but they are not simple poems, and could be easily misunderstood. In the†¦show more content†¦The speaker is so alone inside that he feels that he is not a part of anything. Nature has a way of bringing everything together to act as one, even animals are a part of the winter. quot;All animals are smothered in their lai rs, / I am too absent spirited to count.quot; The snow makes everything around it white, and to him it is a feeling of numbness. quot;The loneliness includes me unawares.quot; The speaker has seemingly lost his zest for life. He is unable to express his feelings easily because of this numbness, also he is in denial about feeling alone. He does not care anything about too much quot;They cannot scare me with their empty space.quot; He is saying that no one cares how I feels, and that he does not need anyone else. quot;I have in me so much nearer home/ To scare myself with my own desert places.quot; The speaker to realizes that he had shut himself off from the world. He recognizes that the winter place is like his life, because he let depression and loneliness be in his life and take over like the snow had sneak up on the plains and covered it. If he continues to let these dominate his life eventually everything would be exactly like what the snow does to nature. quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningquot; is a much happier and more upbeat poem than quot;Desert Places,quot; and the titles alone proves this. This poem is about stopping to enjoy life. quot;But I have promises to keep, / and miles to go before I sleep.quot; The speakerShow MoreRelatedFrost, By Robert Frost1976 Words   |  8 PagesRobert Frost, an indigenous New England poet, is deserving of an ovation for his contributions and magnitude in American Literature. Frost advises his readers to be actively engaged in questioning the world we inhabit (49, Dickstein). In most of Frost’s work, readers and critics enjoy his choices of theme, likely being the outdoors and his surroundings. By using â€Å"emotions recollected in tranquility† and his organic and inviolable relationship with his countryside, he celebrates New England’s naturalRead MoreRobert Frost1276 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost has been described as an ordinary man with a deep respect for nature, talking to ordin ary people. To what extent do you agree with this view? Poetry is a literary medium which often resonates with the responder on a personal level, through the subject matter of the poem, and the techniques used to portray this. Robert Frost utilises many techniques to convey his respect for nature, which consequently makes much of his poetry relevant to the everyday person. The poems â€Å"Stopping by WoodsRead MoreRobert Frost1943 Words   |  8 PagesA Snowy Evening with Robert Frost Robert Frost once said, â€Å"It begins as a lump in the throat, a sense of wrong, a homesickness, a loneliness. It is never a thought to begin with. It is at best when it is a tantalizing vagueness.† (â€Å"Poetry Foundation† n.d.). This poem holds a lot of mystery in its meaning which has a variety of interpretations. John T. Ogilvie who wrote, â€Å"From Woods to Stars: A pattern of Imagery in Robert Frost’s Poetry† interprets this as a poem about the journey through lifeRead MoreFrost, By Robert Lee Frost1565 Words   |  7 PagesAs Robert Lee Frost, an honored American poet once said, â€Å"A poem begins as a lump in the throat, a sense of wrong, a homesickness, a lovesickness.† Frost earned respect through his expertise in colloquial language, and his descriptive interpretations of rural life. Frost often analyzed social and philosophical leitmotifs using settings from early twenty-first century New England. Frost was honored in his life time with four Pulitzers. 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This paper will discuss the thought process of Frost during his writings, the many tools which he used, and provide two examples of his works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost was born in San Franciso on March 26, 1874, but later moved to Lawrence, Massachuschusetts (after his father died) where he did most of his writing. He was a simple man who taught, worked in a mill, was a reporter, wasRead More Robert Frost Essay559 Words   |  3 Pages Robert Frost nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Lee Frost, was one of America’s leading 20th Century poets, and a four time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Frost did not receive these recognitions until his later years when his poetic brilliance was finally recognized. â€Å"Frost was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter†( Waggoner 1). Frost’s brilliance was contributed by many things; including his life, career, and literary works. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Frost was born on MarchRead More Robert Frost Essay873 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Good fences makes good neighbors,† is a small portion from the Mending Wall written by one of modern times most proficient writers, Robert Frost. Two of the critical articles I examined were quite helpful in gaining a better understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall† and also of Robert Frost’s poetry. The Gale Research shows the best and most effective understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall,† mainly because it deals specifically with that poem. It basically states that the poem is built around two attitudesRead MoreRobert Frost Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost was a very successful author who wrote many award winning poems. Frost’s career in poetry took some time, but he eventually reached his goal of becoming a popular poet. Frost has had a very successful life as an author, but that wasn’t until he was noticed. Fros t has won four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and various other awards. Robert Frost was world renowned and even attended John F. Kennedy’s inauguration. Frost wasn’t noticed until he was nearly 40 years old, but he kept working towardsRead MoreRobert Frost Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost Robert Frost is one of the few twentieth century poets to receive critical acclaim and popular acceptance (Magill 728). His simplistic style appeals to the novice and expert poetry reader alike. Robert Frosts understated emotional appeal attracts readers of all literary levels. Frost develops subtly stated emotions and a clever use of imagery in his poetry. Influences on his poetry include his family, work, and other life experiences (Oxford 267). Frost also works to develop

Bullying Is The Rise Across The Nation - 1636 Words

Bullying is on the rise across the nation. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, 30 percent of students of students were bullied during the 2010-2011 school year. Whether verbal or physical, bullying has a negative effect on the victims. Students who are bullied often experience depression, loneliness, anxiety, and isolation. The common types of bullying in a school setting are physical and verbal. With the rise in the use of social media, cyberbullying has become a big problem among children. Children who bully others are often bullied at home by a parental figure. This is why it is very important to incorporate moral instruction into the curriculum, teaching students about respect and caring for others, instead of bullying them. Schools have started to take extra precautions to eliminate bullying by implementing prevention programs. As educators, it is our responsibilities to prevent bullying from happening in our schools and protect our students. It is impor tant that we model moral and ethical behavior for students to follow. It’s also important that we take precautions and investigate all forms of bullying, instead of only taking action when we witness physical aggression. According to Dan Olweus, bullying is defines as â€Å"Behavior by an individual or group, usually repeated over time, that intentionally hurts another individual or group either physically or emotionally† (Olweus, 1993, p. 35). Olweus also defines a bully as â€Å"A student is beingShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying And Its Effect On Society893 Words   |  4 PagesCyberbullying can be defined as the willful and repeated use of cellphones, computers, and other electronic communication devices to harass and threaten others. (McQuade, 2006) Because we live in a cyber society, nearly anyone can become a victim of cyber bullying. It is important to distinguish the difference between cyber harassment and cyberbullying. The sole difference is the victim’s age. Cyberbullying usually involves a minor and happens within a school environment, whereas cyber harassment involvesRead MoreEssay on School Violence919 Words   |  4 Pagessevere feeling of isolation, being bullied, unco ntrolled anger. These are all warning signs of violence starting in schools. (Charlene Alexander) The United States is facing an outbreak of seriously violent crimes in middle schools and high schools across the country. (Mechthid Schaefer) Violence in schools really affects students learning and their learning habits. If a student is being picked on or bullied, that causes them to feel socially withdrawn. In turn, this leads to the student not wantingRead MoreCorrelation Between Suicide Rates And Cyberbullying1332 Words   |  6 PagesCorrelation Between Suicide Rates and Cyberbullying The twenty first century is roaring, and the use of technology sweeps across the nation like a pandemic. The American lifestyle is being consumed by electronics. 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Often times the victimsRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effect On Society1536 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. â€Å"‘Gimme’ your lunch money† has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken their own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involvedRead MoreCorrelation Between Suicide Rates And Cyberbullying1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Gray Cervelloni Eng 121, Section 3 26 September 2016 Correlation Between Suicide Rates and Cyberbullying The 21st Century is roaring, and the use of technology sweeps across the nation like a pandemic. The American lifestyle is being consumed by electronics. 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The Effects Of Outside Forces On Eating Disorders

Analyzing the Effects of Outside forces on Eating Disorders Kaitlyn Cestaro Ramapo College of New Jersey An eating disorder is an obsessive collection of interrelated behaviors directed towards persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact one’s health, emotions, and ability to function in important areas of life. These compulsive practices and attitudes about food, weight and body shape, manifest into deep psychological fears and an incessant need for control. Some common features of eating disorders include an irrational fear of fat, dissatisfaction with one s body often coupled with a distorted perception of body shape, unhealthy weight management and extreme food intake. This disordered eating behavior is usually an effort to solve a variety of emotional difficulties about which the individual feels out of control. Males and females of all social and economic classes, races and intelligence levels can develop an eating disorder (Perfect). There are currently three main types of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Each one as dan gerous as the next, but yet heavily overlooked and/or misunderstood in society today (Perfect); A review of nearly fifty years of research confirms that anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder (Arcelus, Mitchell, Wales, Nielsen, 2011). Shocking statistics such as the one above show the complexity and danger of eating disorders. ResearchShow MoreRelatedBulimia Is The Silent Killer Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pageseffecting younger generation. This disorder effects not only the mind but the entire body as a whole, Bulimia is a disorder that effects the mind in making the human body have frequent episodes of binge eating, followed by frantic efforts to avoid gaining weight from eating said food. This is hitting the younger population by storm. 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MBSR was later combined with elements of Cognitive-BehaviouralRead MoreSociocultural And Family Influences On Eating Disorders1372 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent forces; individual, sociocultural and family, that lead to the development of eating disorders. Neurology is a factor as disturbances to neurotransmitters and serotonin can affect brain activities that make an individual more susceptible to develop disordered behaviors associated with eating disorders. Genetics are also an important factor to eating disorders as they are inheritable and recessive in future generations. Personal, predisposed characteristics are another influence in eating disordersRead MoreThe For The Perfect Or Ideal Body Image And The Fight Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesbody shaming and social media have twisted and distorted the minds of young individuals causing an increasing rise in distorted eating habits and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia. 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Essay on Policy Priority Issue - 1648 Words

Policy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Marla C. Khalikov Chamberlain College of Nursing NR506 – 10999: Health Care Policy Winter 2014 Policy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Childhood obesity is a global pandemic requiring prioritization in policy and health care reform. It has many effects on acute and long term health, including increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. This paper addresses my personal interest in childhood obesity, the relevance to nursing, problem sources, empirical evidence critique, evidence-based practice options, sites to keep current, and prioritizing the level of action to best accomplish the goal of†¦show more content†¦For this reason, I believe there is great need to campaign for new legislation and social programming that addresses the following supportive evidence for obesity resolution. According to Frieden, Dietz, and Collins, implementing legislation that heavily taxes unhealthy food will help reduce consumption of these foods. Decreasing the cost of healthy foods, subsidizing farmer’s mar kets in underprivileged areas, creating zoning legislation that prohibits the building of fast food restaurants in the vicinity of schools and recreation areas, prohibition of unhealthy food advertisements directed at children, requiring restaurants to offer healthy food options for kids with the nutritional information listed on the menu, increase active transportation and recreation, and improve physical activity programs will also reduce childhood obesity (Frieden, Dietz, Collins, 2010). The difficulty in implementing these solutions is monetary and political. The businesses negatively affected by these changes will fight against them and the cost of subsidizing groceries for the impoverished areas will cost. 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The assumed relevance of this as the start of the cycle is the relationship of the intelligence product as a service to policy makers: it is the policy makers who determine how resources are allocated for

Drink and Home Countries Free Essays

When I woke up that day, I was so excited because we were going to go to the holiday. I had packed my stuff the day before. And then we were ready to go! That was my first fly and I was anxious a little bit but my mother told me that there was no reason to be anxious. We will write a custom essay sample on Drink and Home Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now After an hour, we finally landed to Antalya. Then we arrived to the hotel. While bellboy was carrying our stuff to our room, I was thinking about what will I do next. I decided to go to the pool but I lost my way to the pool. There was noone to help me and I was so scared. Then I found my way to the pool because my cousin arrived my help. We had so much fun in the pool. We dived and danced in the pool. There were some tourists at the pool and we talked with them. One of them is Shymi. She is a Russian. Other one is Harry. He is a British. After we met, we decided to drink something and went to the cafe. My cousin and I ordered lemonade, Shymi ordered coke and Ollie ordered some icetea. While we were drinking our drinks, we talked about our home countries. Shymi told that she like to feel warmth on her skinbut she can barely see the sun in Russia. And Harry said that he can barely see the sun either, because of the pouring rain. After a little more chit-chat, dinner time came and 4 of us went to the dining hall. We ate something, took our drinks and went to the coast. We sat somewhere and while we were dirinking our sodas, we talked abour ourselves. At that time, sea was amazing. While they were talking, My thoughts were engulfed by the sound of waves. That was really amazing. Relaxing sounds took me so inside of them that I couldn’t hear what they said to me. After we sang some songs, we went to our rooms to sleep. Next day I woke up so happy and when I looked my cousin, I saw that she wasn’t wake up yet but my sister had woken up already. I whispered her to go to the bathroom and bring some water. She did what I told and we spilled the water to her face. She woke up screaming and started to chase us in the room. We went to the breakfast and ate some careal, drunk some orange juice. As my mother said, when you eat something, you should wait 30 minutes before swim. Otherwise bad things can happen. We played some table tenis while we were waiting. After 45 minutes, we went to the pool and met there with Shymi and Harry. How to cite Drink and Home Countries, Essay examples

Press Release Example free essay sample

DC Premier at the Coliseum Club in Skopje, Macedonia The worlds best hip-hop producer, DC Premier is coming for the first time in Macedonia Tsarist 12 is bringing you the best hip-hop producer and the most skilful hip-hop DC, DC Premier. He will take the Coliseum clubs stage on the 30 of November, this year. The tickets will be put on sale tomorrow, so if youre planning to attend, we will see you on the last day of November, at 9 p. M. At the Coliseum.What do you write about DC Premier that hasnt been written before? His technical skills as a DC is the stuff of urban myth, and his influence lives every day in every city in clubs, basements, and bedrooms where Dads study and mimic his moves. Talk about his production? Come on! After starting a groundbreaking career as part of Gang Starr, Premiers production is often used to define a style of beats and rhymes meant to connote the truest forms of Hip Hop culture and music I want a Premier type of beat, Is something every emcee has said at some point In his or her career. We will write a custom essay sample on Press Release Example or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page writes Ruby Hornet, multimedia online destination that serves to passionately and skillfully celebrate and contribute to the full spectrum of urban culture. Some people do It for the corporate reasons, I do It for the cultural reasons and thats the difference. Im corporate too In certain avenues, but not when It comes to sacrificing the culture and compromising my viewsIf that ends up being the case, you can count me out and let somebody else take that gig. says DC Premier. After 22 years of playing music In the clubs, DC Premier Is longing for more. Even though he Is In his 40, he still got the energy and the quality of no one else. So If you are the kind of person who appreciates the classic, on the 30 of November at 9 p. M. Youll be at the Coliseum Club.

The Differences Between Soccer and Football free essay sample

The Differences Between Soccer and Football Football, for many, is a topic of entertainment. In many parts of the world soccer’s official name is football, but with the evolution of American football, the name was changed to soccer. It is thought that American football originated by a soccer player, who was frustrated by kicking the ball. He decided to change the rules of the game by using his hands, and thus, American football was born. Some of the major differences in soccer and football are the equipment players use, techniques for the game, and timing of each game. Even though soccer and football teams are composed of twenty two players, with eleven players on each team, and use a similar field in length and width, the equipment used differs. Soccer players use the traditional round leather ball, which is usually black and white. Gear includes a pair of cleats and shin guards, which extend from the knees to the ankles, to protect the shins, which are the most vulnerable in the game. We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences Between Soccer and Football or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In football, the ball used is brown and oval-shaped, which makes the ball easier to advance through the air; it is characterized by a series of stitches on each side. The helmet is the most important to protect against high impacts to the head and is used in conjunction with a mouth piece and jaw pads. Rib, shoulder, and hip pads are used for the body, since players use full force on each other when tackling for the ball. Football cleats are also needed since the game is often played on rainy weather. Although soccer and football both start with a flip of a coin, the techniques in each game are different. Soccer is played by the name of the game it originated with, which was known as football, using mostly the feet to move the ball towards the player’s net and score a goal; in the game, no arms or hands should touch the ball with the exception of the goalkeeper. In American football, points are measured in yards. The purpose is for players to advance with the ball toward their set goal in order to score points. Players can run with the ball in their hands, pass it, or throw it to the rest of the team players, being careful not to get tackled by their opponents. The timing each game can last differs greatly in soccer and football. Soccer lasts ninety minutes, with two forty five minute halves. The only time the clock is stopped is when the ball is kicked out-of-field while playing or there is injury to a player. If a game is tied at the end, teams play a mini-game of half an hour, or players are chosen from each team to score goals until a winner can be chosen. A football game is one hour, divided into fifteen minute quarters. There is a division after thirty minutes, known as half time, in which players leave the field for approximately twenty minutes. Throughout the game, the clock is stopped for various reasons, and each team can have three time-outs, in which they can stop the game for several minutes. Since football is played in bursts of time, it can last as long as three hours. If the game ends even, teams play an additional fifteen minutes; if either team does not score, the game is considered a tie. Even though football and soccer might have a couple similarities and can both entertain, it is obvious of the many differences between them. Soccer is a simple sport in terms of equipment, techniques, and timing; while on the other hand, football is a tough sport that requires special equipment, complicated techniques, and a longer time to play. Either way, they will both be around making us anxious of the World Cup and the Super Bowl for many years to come.

Great Gatsby Literary Analysis Essay

Great Gatsby Literary Analysis EssayOne of the greatest novels ever written, The Great Gatsby is one of the greatest literary analysis essays ever written. It has it all: a great story, wonderful characters, great dialogue, and great character development.In the opening chapter, Nick Carraway is a real estate salesman, trying to sell the land around the Salton Sea for a local family, the O'Briens. He wants to make money on this land, but he's a bit odd to work with the O'Briens. He becomes close friends with the siblings Daisy and Sal, who run the saloon they inherited from their father.In the course of this great novel, I will have to explain that it's about what happens to Nick when he meets The Great Gatsby, Daisy's boyfriend, and decides to go out with her. Not to mention the fact that there are three main sisters in the Gatsby story. It's great from the first chapter to the last.One of the things I love about this book is the attention to detail and the setting. In the beginning , when Nick is not working, he is either drinking or talking to some of the characters. He's always in the background, always looking like an outsider, constantly having to make up excuses to stay at home. But there's a beautiful book inside him, something he needs to express to people.I love how in the Great Literary Analysis Essay, after reading this book, I was able to see that this book was definitely written by a writer. The dialogue is so rich with allusions and associations, and that's what I love about books, it's like you can open up a book and see all the information for yourself. The sentences are so good, and ifyou were stuck for ideas on what to write, it's pretty much impossible to think of anything else that would work.The way this book manages to connect the three major characters, and how each has some importance in the book, I have to say it really works. I have to add that there is no humor in this book. It's so serious and elegant in a way that even if you didn't like it, you would still like it. This is probably the greatest thing I've ever read.So go ahead and check out this great literary analysis essay, if you haven't yet. You won't regret it.

Analysis of the Solitary Reaper

Analysis of the Solitary Reaper As an introduction to the book, Wordsworth catches the readers’ attention by pointing to a beautiful girl working alone in the field reaping and singing by herself. The girl does not want to be interrupted and alludes to the valley being full of songs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Solitary Reaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first stanza of the song heaps a lot of praises on the girl’s beauty and the extent of loneliness she is in. The speaker is not able to comprehend the words of the song that the girl is singing, but only guesses what she could be singing about. The numbers in the third stanza may be flowing, but for the old and unhappy people this could be far-off things and battles that were fought in earlier years. The reader is not sure whether the song is a more humble lay characteristic of today’s life, and wonders whether the song would be a manifestation of a natural sorrow, loss, or pain that occurred and has chances of recurring. The song that the maiden was singing remained in the speaker’s heart as he climbed up the hill despite the fact that he did not understand what she was singing. It is difficult to understand whatever it was that stayed in the heart of the speaker if he could not understand the actual song. Could be there is something that attracted the speaker other than the song? Probably the maiden’s voice. What else could have made him motionless and still if he could not articulate the words that were used in the song? The song remained in his heart until he went up in the hills, where he could hear of it no more. The Solitary Reaper has four stanzas that are arranged into eight lines each, bringing the total number of lines to thirty-two. Its rhyme scheme alternates between abcbdde and ababccdd. The opening and the closing stanzas do not rhyme, in contrast, the other two stanzas, that is, the second and thi rd, have a matching rhyme scheme.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of Wordsmith’s works are influenced by the experience that he had gone through. However, Solitary Reaper is unique in the sense that Wordsmith writes about one Thomas Wilkinson’s Tour to the British Mountains as evidenced in the books passage that talks about passing a female who was reaping alone while singing in Erse. The poem is so intriguing because the speaker barely understands what the woman is singing about, and relies heavily on imagination. He harbors a feeling that the lady may be singing about history. When the speaker talks about carrying the music of the young lady into his heart, attention is drawn to typical Wordsmith poetry that is underlined by heavy romantic undertones. No wonder the speaker finds it strange that the young lady reaps and sings by herself (James, p p. 68). The poet warns anybody passing the solitary lady who is reaping to avoid disturbing her, but either to ‘stop here’ or pass gently. Her sound is beautiful and overflows through the valley. Her sound is received more than the nightingale tune to worn out travelers in the desert. The poet says that her voice is so thrilling and by any standards, cannot be matched with that of the cuckoo-bird. Impatience prompts the poet to ask whatever the young lady could be singing about. Wordsworth testified that most of his work was inclined observation of nature and hearing of music. However, this specific piece is all about human music encountered in a lovely rustic scenery. He appreciates the tone of the song, its beauty, and the kind of mood the song creates in him. Not so much credence is given to the songs explicit content, which the speaker simply guesses. Despite the limitation of language exhibited in stanza three, the poet still marvels at the beauty of the music, the fluid expressive beauty. Wordsmith is so tactical in the way he places praise and beauty in a natural setting. The source of this beauty is a simple rustic girl.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Solitary Reaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This puts this artistic piece on a Lyrical Ballad’s pedestal. The language of the piece is unforced and natural and its structure simple. The first stanzas sets the stage for the rest of the lines while the second stanza highlights comparisons between the two birds, the third stanzas tries to interrogate the content of the songs, and finally, the fourth stanza talks about the effects of the song on the speaker. The final two lines of the Solitary Reaper focus on the theme of memory and the soothing effects of memories on someone’s thoughts and feelings. State of solitude is very important as it makes one’s soul to concentrate on his/ her el ementary feelings. The young lady is said to be single, solitary and all by herself. From the notes, the speaker is in a position to detect the emotional impact of the music the lonely girl sings. The notes of the song are welcome to the speaker (James, pp. 68). James, G. Ingli. Wordsworth’s Solitary Reaper. Essaya in Criticism, Volume 15, Issue 1, 1965. Pp. 65-76. Wordsworth, William. Solitary Reaper. New York: Amazon, 1805. Print.

History of Management Thought Revision Essay Example

History of Management Thought Revision Essay Example History of Management Thought Revision Paper History of Management Thought Revision Paper rewarded for teaching and developing your employees. c. Gantts emphasis on the importance of morale. d. The Gantt Chart steadily evolved into a valuable tool for scheduling (planning) and controlling work. (1)Widely used during World War I (2)Became an international management technique. (3)A forerunner of subsequent planning and controlling techniques such as major milestones, PERT, CPM. e. The New Machine a group headed by Gantt to promote the idea that engineers should be industrial leaders. Social responsibility Gantts concern that business should not lose sight of its service role in the economy. C. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 1. Frank worked in the construction trades and called his job design motion study. Independent of, but influenced by, Taylor. 2. Lillian our First Lady of Management for her accomplishments with her husband as well as after Franks death. 3. As partners, they made numerous contributions: a. Franks study of bricklaying; motion study; a white list to identify top workers in an appraisal system; and a bonus to employees for suggestions. b. Motion and fatigue study a joint effort to reduce fatigue and improve productivity. (You might suggest that one or more of your students read â€Å"Cheaper by the Dozen† by F. B. Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine G. Carey. â€Å"Cheaper by the Dozen† has appeared as a movie twice: the first had Clifton Webb play Frank and Myrna Loy portrayed Lillian; a more recent release has Steve Martin as Frank and Bonnie Hunt as Lillian. If class members can find both of these movies, a comparison and evaluation can be made- and a lively discussion. c. Other contributions: (1)Therbligs (2)Motion pictures with special lighting to study micromotions. Note that Frank offered this technique to Taylor. (3)Process charts to study the flow of work through the shop. (4)Promotion planning. (5) Pioneering work with handicapped employees. d. Psychology of Management Lillians original, but not final, Ph. D. dissertation. It was not industrial psychology, per se, but the psychological intent of scientific management. e. Lillian’s efforts to bring Gilbreth’s motion study and Taylor’s time study are worth mentioning. D. Harrington Emerson 1. He worked largely independent of Frederick Taylor but they corresponded and he was aware of Taylors ideas. . Emersons ideas focused on: a. The lack of organization, in Emersons view, was a major problem. He proposed the line-staff organization as a way of bringing staff knowledge to assist the line managers. b. Emersons line-staff idea was similar to Taylors desire to use the knowledge of functional foreman, but an improvement since it did not split the chain of command. c. Emerson t ook Taylors idea of setting performance standards and applied this to cost accounting. Standards could be established for what the costs should be, rather than estimating costs from previous records. d. Incentives Emerson provided 120% wages for 100% performance (the standard) and that increased if the worker produced more. e. Of Emersons numerous principles: clearly defined ideals (objectives), participative decision making, and the proper use of staff stand out as the more unique of his ideas. f. Emerson established a successful consulting practice and sought to improve ethical practices among consultants. E. Morris Cooke 1. Cooke worked closely with Taylor and became one of the four individuals Taylor considered his disciples (others were Gantt, Barth, and H. King Hathaway). 2. Cookes early work developed when Taylor sent him on various consulting assignments: a. In education, where he felt that college administration was inefficient. b. In government, where Cooke became Director of Public Works for the City of Philadelphia and successfully implemented scientific management. 3. Collaborated with Taylor in preparing Principles of Scientific Management and received the royalties for his efforts. 4. In his later work, Cooke became interested in getting the leaders of organized labor to work within scientific management ideas. a. Suggested that management needed to tap labors brains. b. Worked with labor leaders in gaining a better feeling about union-management cooperation. c. Served Presidents F. D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman in government positions. Chapter 9 The Human Factor: Preparing the Way This chapter has one purpose but many sub-topics. The common element is the emphasis on the human factor as it appeared in personnel management, psychology/ industria l psychology, sociology/industrial sociology, and employee participation in decision making as manifested in the trade union movement and industrial relations, union-management cooperation, and employee representation plans. A. Personnel Management: A Dual Heritage 1. One part of the beginnings of personnel management may be found in the industrial betterment/welfare movement. a. This movement found its basis in the Social Gospel and grew out of a concern for improving industrial conditions. b. A number of companies employed a welfare secretary to advise management. Their duties were many, and in some cases appeared to be paternalistic. c. Many, though not all, of these secretaries were females, perhaps because of their experience in vocational guidance or social work, or perhaps because some of their duties resembled a role stereotype of what a woman did i. e. menus, handling illnesses, etc. 2. Scientific management emphasized improved personnel selection, placement, wage plans, and other matters that involved employee welfare. Taylor had described this role but it was others who advanced personnel management. a. Mary Gilson would be one example of the scientific management viewpoint. b. Also Jane William s at Plimpton Press. c. The Henry Gantt/Elizabeth Briscoe clash at Bancroft Mills relates similarities and differences between the welfarists and those of scientific management. d. Henry Ford and his $5 per day minimum is worth mentioning, as well as his sociological department. (Ask the class what Fords advisers did does this sound like a modern social worker? Also, why was the sociological department changed? ) B. Psychology 1. This section begins with a plutology quote (1863) which resembles A. H. Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs theory. The purpose is to show that this early insight came from deduction and introspection, not empirical study. 2. The pseudosciences also reflect this introspection, yet some of these, such as graphology and astrology, are claimed today to have merit. Students may comment, and accurately so, that at this point in history these were considered scientific and not pretenders to science. Phrenology is my favorite, especially if you pretend to be an on campus recruiter. ) 3. Industrial Psychology a. Wilhelm Wundt pioneered scientific psychology. b. But more importantly, Hugo Munsterberg applied this scientific approach to industrial problems. c. Munsterberg sought (1)the best possible worker (2)the best possible work (3)the best possible effect d. He advocated (1)tests for worker selection 2)research in the learning process in training (to me, this sounds like an early concept of what we would call transfer of learning theory). e. Others who were early in the field of industrial psychology are mentioned briefly in the text. (They are not emphasized, but you may find a favorite here to assign for your class. ) (1)Charles S. Myers (2)Walter Dill Scott (3)Cecil A. Mace (4)Morris S. Viteles C. The Social Person This section involves the antecedents of industrial sociology as well as sociological theory. (Again, different individuals and contributions are open to your choice. 1. Whiting Williams obviously a favorite of mine, and a person whose ideas have been long neglected. a. A white-collar personnel director who put on the clothes and guise of a worker to study work first hand. That is, a participant-observer. b. Emphasized the centrality of work (before the work of Bob Dubin and George W. England). c. Job defines social status as well as a persons place in the work situation. d. The workplace is a part of a larger social system. e. Saw earnings as a matter of social comparison influencing how a person viewed himself relative to others. My feeling is that Williams should be seen as the originator of equity theory. ) f. Workers mainspring was to be found in their relations with others (is this or is this not a pre-Hawthorne view of human relations? ) g. The Eleventh Commandment Thou shalt not take thy neighbor for granted still good advice. h. My conclusion is that industrial sociology began with Williams, and that the Social Gospel influenced his thought. 2. Sociological theory a. Emile Durkheim (1)anomie normlessness (2)mechanical societies were dominated by a collective consciousness. 3)organic societies were characterized by interdependence and the division of labor, leading to anomie. (Note that some modern writers use other definitions for mechanical and organic. ) (4)Durkheims thinking influenced the human relationists view of the need for social solidarity. b. Vilfredo Pareto (Not one of my favorites as I find his ideas on social systems clouded in jargon. I mention him, however, for : (1) The Pareto Circle that influenced the Harvard version of human relations. (2)Paretos influence on Chester Barnard and cooperative systems. . Social behaviorism may be worth mentioning because of the notion of the social person, the beginning of social psychology, and C. H. Cooleys looking glass self, a very interesting way of looking at the formation of self-efficacy, personality development, and a host of other ideas. d. Gestalt psychology definitely deserves a mention. A number of persons who we will encounter later, such as Mary Follett and Kurt Lewin, were gestaltists and the notion prevails in much of our modern thinking about group dynamics and sociotechnical systems. D. Employee participation in Decision Making This section examines three paths to give employees a â€Å"voice† in the firm or organization: 1. Through membership in a union that would represent the workers’. a. John R. Commons is a substantial figure here. Perhaps the first to use the phrase â€Å"human resources† and considered the â€Å"Father of Industrial Relations. b. Commons was not anti-scientific management because it worked in some firms, but felt workers needed a say-so in the workplace. c. Other economists were interested in â€Å"applied economics† issues such as turnover, job analysis, etc. . The position of Samuel Gompers and the AF of L was to achieve gains for organized labor through bargaining power, not productivity. Gompers said more, more, and then more was what labor wanted. 2. Union-management cooperation a. Morris Cooke, Ordway Tead, and Robert Valentine were examples of those who were trying to reformulate what labor felt was the uny ielding, no union, position of scientific management. The revised emphasis was to be on consent: b. Union-management cooperation plans began when union membership was in decline in the early 1920s. Unions agreed to accept scientific management if they were involved by electing representatives and could bargain about wages, hours, working conditions, and so on. 3. Employee representation plans a. These did not involve unions but the workers elected representatives and participated through shop councils and committees. Unions did not like these plans (no membership dues, perhaps). b. Commons studied 30 of these â€Å"industrial government† or industrial democracy plans. c. Henry Dennison’s plan is noteworthy for its progressiveness. d. The Sage Foundation study indicated most employee representation plans were progressive and improved labor-management relations. (In Part Three we will see the demise of union-management cooperation and employee representation plans with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act. ) Chapter 10 The Emergence of Management and Organization Theory This chapter discusses the work of two major management theorists, Henri Fayol and Max Weber. Fayol provided the basis for the modern approach to general management theory through the management process. Weber conceptualized bureaucracy to provide a formal approach to organization theory. A. Henri Fayol 1. Fayol was an engineer who rose in the management hierarchy to become the Director (CEO) of a large-scale, fully integrated enterprise formed his conception of management as the general activity of integrating the functions of the firm in order to intelligently use resources to attain the objectives of the firm. In the opening pages, note how he built his theory from his experiences. 2. While Frederick Taylor was more production oriented, Fayols viewpoint was that of general management. . Fayol drew certain conclusions from his experiences: a. Managerial abilities differed from technical ones, and the success of the firm depended to a greater degree on good managers than good technicians. b. Fayol felt that every organization required management regardless of whether it was commercial, industry, politics, religion, war etc. I feel there is much misunderstanding about what Fayol intended. This statement of his suggests the universality of management in that this activity is necessary in all organizations. It does not mean, at least to me, that managers are universal, that any manager can manage any organization. (This point is arguable and merits class discussion. ) c. Managers needed certain qualities, knowledge, and experience. d. Managerial abilities become more important as a person moves up in the hierarchy; technical abilities are less essential for upper level managers. (I like to point out to my students that most CEOs still have a fond place in their heart for their technical specialties engineering, chemistry, whatever even though they must decide for the firm as a whole. e. Management could be taught in schools and universities but was not because of the absence of management theory. (Theory has many meanings for individuals so you might ask your students to give their definition and compare that with Fayols. ) 4. Fayols Principles of Management (This is one of those areas where controversy can thrive some maintain that management principles is an oxymoron. My approach is to stress his disclaimer that there is nothing rigid or absolute in management and that Fayols principles were guides, lighthouses, but not absolutes nor universals. Since he has 14 principles, I do not try to cover them all but stress those below. ) a. Division of labor he appears rather traditional here regarding work design, but note the job enlargement he practiced in the Commentry coal mine. b. Authority the point here is his distinction between formal authority, the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience, and personal authority which was a compound of intelligence, experience, moral worth, ability to lead and so forth. Fayol was aware of the need to combine and complement the authority of position with leadership qualities. c. Unity of command standard, but worth a reminder for the students. d. Unity of direction good advice to a lot of organizations. e. Centralization note that this does not mean that all decisions are made by top level management but finding where decisions should be made depending on the factors Fayol mentions. f. The gangplank, a means for providing lateral communications. Fayols French for this was passerelle which translates as a bridge, foot-bridge, or gangway. Gangplank was Constance Storrs translation for passerelle but I am often reminded that gangplank is also what the pirates made you walk if you were behaving badly! ) g. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. Put this in a contemporary context by asking students for examples of persons who use their position of authority to serve their self-interest rather than the interests of the firmâ€⠄¢s employees, shareholders, etc. 5. Fayols Elements of Management (This is another area that is plagued by terminology. Most introductory management texts use some version of Fayols description of what managers did, but the labels are different. ) a. Planning also could be translated as foresight, but very basic to Fayols theory: (1)Plans depended on the firms resources, work in process, and future trends that could not be predetermined. (Note that Fayols ideas resemble what would be called a strategic audit. ) (2)Plans needed to have the characteristics of unity, continuity, flexibility, and precision. 3)Long range planning certainly a unique idea for his time but a valuable contribution in the evolution of strategic management. b. Organizing Fayol included both the design of the organization and the staffing job of the manager in this element (I tell my class that organizational design is like developing the plot and roles in a drama, while staffing is selecting and rehearsing individuals to fill those roles. Try it, and let me know if it works for you. ) (1)Structure of the organization had to be consistent with the objectives, resources, and requirements of the firm. 2)Functional and scalar growth (these are described, but you may wish to review these concepts so you can explain Fayols span of control ideas. ) (3)Span of control relatively narrow at the top, but greater at lower levels, according to Fayol. (4)Staff (advisory personnel, not to be confused, as it often is, with staffing. No wonder our students struggle with the language of management. ) On the subject of staff, Fayol disagreed with Taylor; that is, line managers needed staff advice but not through functional foremen advising workers. 5)Staffing (today we call it personnel or human resource management) involved selection, evaluation, and training of personnel. c. Command: Fayols term for directing, leading, supervising, actuating, or whatever. d. Coordination: harmonizing the activities of the organization. e. Control: checking on performance to identify and make corrections, if necessary. 6. The author concludes that Fayol was a â€Å"strategist† before that term became popular. Discuss the pros and cons of Fayol as using strategic management skills. (Fayol spent relatively little time discussing command, coordination, and control. The point I stress is that planning, organizing [and staffing] set the stage for where we are going and when and how we intend to get there; then these plans, people, and resources are activated, led, motivated, and coordinated; and as our information system brings us performance data, the control element enables management to renew the elements by replanning, or reorganizing, or whatever has been indicated by our control system. Thus, management is a continuing process, not a neat set of discrete elements/functions that are performed without consideration of the other elements. ) B. Max Weber and Bureaucracy (To begin, ask the class what bureaucracy means. There is a high probability that this idea will be associated with rules, impersonality, inefficiency, and catch-22 situations. This opens the door for what Weber intended. ) 1. Webers Germany was characterized by cartels which limited competition; his interest in the capitalistic spirit (from Chapter 2) led him to ask if a market oriented society could operate large organizations on some rational, systematic basis? A good discussion point might be the quote from Weber about â€Å"rational capitalism† versus â€Å"greed. Is capitalism and its market system a â€Å"rational† way to allocate resources? 2. Bureaucracy as theory a. It was management by the office, not by person. b. It was an ideal, the pure form of organization but this did not mean that it was the most desirable. c. Weber is suggested as the founder of Organization Theory. 3. Authority Weber had three pure types: a. Rational legal b. Traditional c. Charismatic (Have your students describe each type. Then, ask if organizations can operate best on the rational-legal basis, as Weber argued. Why? Or, why not? ) 4. Elements of Bureaucracy Ask the students to review these and apply them to a university, business, or other organization. 5. Weber argued that bureaucracy was, technically, capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency. If so, why do we think of bureaucracy as undesirable? Chapter 11 Scientific Management in Theory and Practice Our purpose in this chapter is to examine the impact of scientific management on management education, on international management, and on other disciplines. Second, we see the spread of management ideas beyond the factory and the emergence of general management. The chapter is replete with names so suggestions will be made below where different emphases might be placed. ) A. The Study and Practice of Scientific Management 1. Education for Industrial Management (This is one area you may wish to summarize. The main points are: a. Early in the 20th century, the teaching of management in colleges focused on production management and was based on Frederick Taylors writings. b. Daniel Nelsons observation that scientific management gave credibility to the study of business. Business schools were considered by educators of that time (and maybe today) as too vocational. . Scientific Management Internationally a. The management revolution spread abroad as a product of the U. S. A. b. In France, industrialists tended to implement scientific management to increase productivity without following Taylors advice. Taylorisme became a dirty word for French workers. c. In Britain, note the differing opinions on scientific management. d. In Poland, Adamieckis harmonogram was similar to PERT. e. In the U. S. S. R. (which at the time was the Soviet Union rather than as it stands now): (1)Lenin advocated Taylorism, but little came of this in practice. 2)Gilbreths ideas on motion study probably had more influence than Taylors ideas. (3)Taylors idea of a mental revolution ran counter to the Bolshevik distrust of capitalism. (4)Walter Polakov was successful in getting the U. S. S. R. to use Gantt Charts for their five year plans. f. In Japan, Taylors ideas gained widespread acceptance. The Japanese liked the idea of harmony, cooperation, and mutual interest. What modern scholars call Japanese style management had its roots in the work of Taylor. 3. Industrial Practice (Beau coup names here so select as you see fit. Briefly: a. The Hoxie study highlighted the difference between the notions of scientific management and how well they were implemented. Note, however, that the Hoxie report was a pro-union document and biased toward labor unions. Also, see John Frey’s later doubts about Hoxie himself. Also noteworthy are John R. Commons’ comments about why the Hoxie report was not included in the final report of the Industrial Relations Commission. b. Studies by C. B. Thompson and Daniel Nelson provide more accurate assessments of scientific management. c. It is worth emphasizing that Nelson concluded that scientific management had a strong positive correlation with industrial efficiency. Also, scientific management was associated with growth not stagnation in most industries. d. Scientific management was associated with batch shop production and labor intensive operations. But in capital intensive industries, or automobile assembly lines, scientific management was less useful. e. Evidence from the U. S. Bureau of Census disputes the notion that scientific management â€Å"de-skilled labor. † Rather, the number of skilled and unskilled workers was increasing during this period. Scientific management has been criticized for de-skilling jobs and your author and the employment data from this period suggests this has been perpetuated as an untruth. B. Emerging General Management 1. Scientific management and other disciplines (for your selection): a. Public administration b. Marketing c. Accounting and standard costing d. The crossover chart as a forerunner of break-even point. e. Flexible budgeting. f. J. O. McKinsey is an unsung pioneer for the business policy/strategy field. His influence on Bill Newman will be discussed later. 2. Early organization theory (very useful if this is an emphasis in your class): A brief summary of some previous notions of organization, line-staff, organization charts, etc. b. Russell Robb is the focal point of this section. His ideas involved: (1)Organizations differed as to goals sought as well as means to those goals. (2)These organizational differences suggested there was no one best way to organize. 3. DuPont and General Motors (I place more emphasis here because of the very innovative things that were happening during that period at DuPont and G. M. ) a. Psychological tests for personnel selection. b. Donaldson Brown and Return on Investment (ROI) as R = T x P. This became the basis of the DuPont Chart system that is still in use. c. William C. Durant is an interesting study, but briefly examined here. He was great at building a firm, but not noted as an outstanding manager. d. Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. and the creation of centralized policy, control, and review while decentralizing administration and operations. e. The use, by both G. M. and DuPont, of the multidivisional structure. Organized around product divisions, these divisions could be decentralized for operations and performance could be measured by ROI (when we speak of the M-form organization, here are its origins). 4. Business Policy and Philosophy (again, numerous ideas to consider): a. Arch W. Shaw and the beginning of a business policy course. b. The problem or case method of instruction borrowed from legal education. c. A. H. Church and his distinction between what we would call policy formulation and implementation. d. Oliver Sheldon and a philosophy of management built on the efficiency values of scientific management with the ethics of service to the community. Chapter 12 Scientific Management in Retrospect This chapter examines the scientific management era in light of its economic, technological, social, and political environment. The student should see how the ideas of managing shaped and were shaped by changing environmental factors. A. The Economic Environment 1. The U. S. A. was in transition from an agrarian to an industrial nation. In this period of growth, scientific management provided a means whereby a better utilization of resources could occur. 2. The U. S. work force was very diverse with immigrants from many lands. See the data for the Nation and the example of workers at Ford Motor. 3. Compare Taylor’s â€Å"mental revolution† with the â€Å"mutual gains strategy† of today. 4. The U. S. orker prospered, both in wages, real wages (purchasing power), and reduced hours of work. (See the data for 1865-1890 and 1890-1921. ) 5. More employees were in management with the addition of staff specialists. This growth in the managerial hierarchy made it more critical to plan, organize, etc. 6. Alfred Chandlers rationalization of resource utilization describes well the needs of industry during this era. The ideas of the scientific management pioneers fitted these needs. 7. Industrial efficiency was increasing, partially due to scientific management (see the data on productivity). B. Technology and New Horizons . A substantial number of today’s Fortune 500 companies started during this period. 2. New manufacturing processes in steel and metal-working. 3. Transportation advances by automobiles, aircraft, canal and bridge construction. 4. Emerging energy sources in petroleum and electricity. 5. Assembly line developments at Ford Motor. 6. Office work was reshaped by the mimeograph for copying, the typewriter, carbon paper, Hollerith’s punch card, and visual means of data presentation such as Gantt Charts. C. The Social Environment 1. Horatio Alger, Jr. characterized the success ethic of U. S. enterprise. 2. Scientific management ideas were consonant with the social values of self-directing, high need for achievement, individuals. 3. Change came as the Western frontier closed; Bill Scott called this the collision effect, which would lead to a transition period of individualism being replaced by a social ethic (coming in Part Three). 4. The Social Gospel described briefly here at the risk of repeating previous material. C. The Political Environment 1. The political articulation of the Social Gospel was the Populist-Progressive Movement. 2. Scientific management appealed to the Progressives, especially Morris Cooke. An increasing regulation of business during this time overcame the inadequacies of the earlier Sherman Act. 4. Check the tax rates they are a good way to capture a feeling for this era of relatively limited government. Part Three The Social Person Era Chapter 13 The Hawthorne Studies The purpose of this chapter is to describe the studies at the Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric, then a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. The social person was not invented by these studies, but was elevated and brought to wider recognition by those who interpreted the results. The interesting thing about these studies is how they have been publicized, misinterpreted, praised, and criticized over these many years since the event. Each of us will bring some of our views in when teaching this chapter and it is interesting to find that the issues of Hawthorne have not been resolved but continue to generate articles and presentations. I have used the microfilm records of these studies and I am indebted to Chuck Wrege, Ron Greenwood, and Al Bolton for their seminal work. A. The Studies Begin 1. The original research issue was the effect of workplace illumination on worker productivity. Those who came initially to Hawthorne were electrical engineers from MIT. a. After establishing performance baselines in three departments, the researchers varied the level of illumination. Their conclusion: illumination appeared to have no influence on output. b. Another attempt was made with a control group and a variable group, placed in separate buildings. Again: in this case output went up in both groups. c. The illumination research was abandoned in 1927, but one of the researchers, Charles E. Snow, concluded there were too many variables and the psychology of the human individual could have been the most important one. The Relay Assembly Test Room a. The studies could have been trashed at this point, but Homer Hibarger and George Pennock pushed for further study. Pennock had an excellent insight: supervision was a better explanation. b. The participants were volunteers, knew the objectives of the study, and were observed for a short period in their regular department prior to going to a separate room with their observer. You may wish to indicate to your students that two of the original participants were replaced about 8 months into the experiment. This became an issue which is discussed in Chapter 17. A number of changes were introduced: (1)The incentive payment plan was changed such that the relay assembly group was rewarded on their output rather than on the output of the larger relay assembly department. Note that the participants were told that they could make more money under this arrangement this point will come into play later when various interpretations are made of why output increased. (2)Rest periods were introduced. (3)After 8 months, two operators quit and two new ones selected. (4)Work-day and work-week changes. (5)Lunch and refreshments were provided by the company. . Over a year after the studies began, all of these privileges, except the small group payment plan, were removed. While output varied, the overall trend was increased output. 3. Clair Turner and an early interpretation of the rise in output: a. The small group resulting in more esprit de corps. b. The style of supervision: the participants’ remarks are worth noting. c. Increased earnings: average wages went from $16 to $28-50 per week while in the test room. d. The novelty of the experiment. c. The attention given to the operators by others. 4. A second relay assembly group was formed by Clair Turner in an effort to test the pay for performance effects. Average earnings per week had increased significantly. a. The second relay group was formed and taken from the large group payment plan to the small group one. Initially, output went up and then leveled off. Note that this study lasted only 9 weeks. Then, this group was returned to the original payment plan, output dropped (and that was the end of the second group). b. Mica splitters had always been on individual pay incentives and this group was studied for 14 months. In this group, average hourly output went up during this period. Turner concluded that pay incentives were one factor, but not the only one, although it was of appreciable importance. (Chapter 17 provides a critique of the studies but my preference is to present and discuss Chapter 13 without reference to the criticisms. When we get to Chapter 17, we discuss the various interpretations of the studies and tie it all together. Other instructors may choose to tie 13 and 17 together in the discussion. The outcome should be the same. ) 5. The Interviewing Program a. Snow and Hibarger started asking the workers directed questions about their feelings. b. Elton Mayo made a contribution by changing the interviewing program to a nondirective approach. He felt that supervisors need to listen more. c. With the nondirective approach the length of the interviews and the information gathered increased: (1)There appeared to be a cathartic effect. After a worker complained, follow-up interviews revealed that the complaint was gone. The workers felt better even though no change in conditions had occurred. (2)Fact and sentiment had to be separated. (3)Two levels of complaints (a)Manifest, i. e. what the employee said. (b)Latent, the psychological content of the complaint. 4)Complaints were symptoms to be explored. (5)Pessimistic reveries (Mayos phrase) could be reduced if supervisors were concerned and listened to their employees. Thus, according to Mayo, pessimistic reveries would be negative attitudes held by employees that could interfere with their performance. 6. The Bank Wiring Room a. Concerned observation, but not intervention, with male workers assembling switches for central office switchboards. Note the supervisors’ objections before the study began. b. Restriction of output was a surprising finding even though this practice had been described by others. c. Workers had established an output norm that was lower than managements standard or the bogey. d. In the informal organization, there were two cliques, each having norms about appropriate in-group behavior, such as the practice of binging. e. Researchers found that the work groups: (1)Deliberately restricted output (2)Smoothed out production (3)Developed intragroup disciplinary methods. f. Some workers were isolates, not in a clique, because of various factors. g. Rules for clique membership: (1)Working too fast, a rate buster. (2)Working too slowly, a rate chiseler. (3)Do not squeal on a member of your group. 4)Do not act officious or be socially distant. h. Factory as a social organization; work groups served to protect the workers within their group, and to protect the group from outsiders. The workers viewed: (1)Technologists and managers as following a logic of efficiency which interfered with group activities. (2)Workers were apprehensive of authority and followed a logic of sentiments which reflected their feelings and attitudes toward outsiders. B. Human Relations, Leadership, and Motivation 1. The Hawthorne effect: part of the research and human relations folklore for years. Allegedly, the findings were biased because the experimenters became personally involved in the social-work situation. a. Theresa Layman, one of the participants, rebutted this; so did Don Chipman, one of the observer experimenters; and so did Clair Turner, one of the experimenters. b. The Hawthorne effect is widely referenced, but is a dubious explanation of the Hawthorne results. 2. Mayo felt â€Å"pessimistic reveries were one type of blockage which arose out of personal, social, and industrial problems and became manifest in apprehension of authority, restriction of output, etc. . Anomie, borrowed by Mayo from Emile Durkheim to describe the break-up of traditional society, leaving people without norms. 4. Leadership, in the view of Mayo and Roethlisberger, needed strengthening by social and human skills for the leader (note my feeling that Mayo and F. W. Taylor sought the same goal of collaboration and cooperation but differed in means). a. Influenced by Chester Barnard, Mayo co ncluded that authority had to be based on social skills in securing cooperation. b. Management needed to focus more on building group integrity and solidarity. c. First line supervisors were particularly important in good worker-manager relations. 5. Motivation in the human relations literature evolved and became more Mayo and Roethlisbergers advocacy than based on what happened at the Hawthorne plant. a. Early reports, such as Clair Turners report and Mark Putnams statement to Business Week, placed money as important. b. The test room participants stated they liked the fact they were able to make more money. c. Chuck Wrege cites a memo to Mayo in which he is told that economic and financial factors were of considerable importance. . As time passed, the Mayo-Roethlisberger theme shifted: (1)Example, Roethlisbergers memo that Mayo would be happy because of some evidence that physiological, not economic, factors were related to output. (2)More emphasis in later writings is placed on social belonging needs, being accepted by the group. (3)A later quote regarding discarding economic man. (Some of this discussion overlaps the critique in Chapter 1 7. You may find it to your liking to combine these differing views of what motivated the social person. ) Chapter 14 The Search for Organizational Integration This chapter focuses on two individuals, Mary Follett and Chester Barnard, both of whom are very important in the evolution of management thought. Follett was chronologically closer to the scientific management era, but intellectually a forerunner of understanding group processes. Barnard, on the other hand, influenced human relations thinking and continues to influence our understanding of organizations and management. A. Mary Parker Follett 1. Basis of her philosophy: a. Johann Fichte, Georg Hegel, and Gestalt psychologists. b. Early experiences led her to realize the need to rethink our ideas bout authority, leadership, and conflict resolution. 2. Conflict Resolution: She saw 4 ways a. Submission if in a conflict situation. b. Struggle, and someone wins and the other loses. c. Compromise, a solution she did not like, especially as it appeared in labor-management collective bargaining. d. Integration, finding a solution that did not involve compromise, submission, or struggle. My students are much more accustomed to bargaining or battle, and less at ease with trying to find a more creative solution. Folletts illustrations do not help our understanding of integration much either. The topic of conflict resolution does engender a lively class discussion if the students are prompted to think about labor-management relations, dating or marital relationships, or even international conflict. 3. Authority and Power a. Essential to integration would be rethinking authority and power. b. She advocated power-with and co-action to replace power-over and coercion. c. Depersonalize orders and follow the law of the situation. Ask your students if there is a similarity here with management by objectives which they may or may not yet be familiar with. d. Authority is based on knowledge and not the will of one person. I comment here that this sounds like F. W. Taylor and the functional foreman. The class may or may not agree. If not, this opens the door to a discussion of authority and influence. e. Power-with required circular response, disclosure and open discussion. f. Follett believed in employee representation plans (Chapter 9) because of cooperation and shared power. 4. Leadership a. Folletts notion of the role of the leader/manager was an extension of her ideas of integration and authority. b. Control could not be achieved without integrated efforts, that is, when interests were not reconciled. c. Control was based on facts, not people; and correlated, not imposed from above. d. Coordination facilitated control. e. Leadership, then, involved defining the purpose of the organi-zation and skills in coordinating and evoking the law of the situation. f. These leadership tasks were not based on the power of the leader, but a reciprocating influence of leaders and followers within the context of the situation. I find Follett fun to teach her ideas are unique and provoke discussion. She is often dismissed as too idealistic, out of touch in a tough world where decisions have to be made without time to implement her techniques. But, in a tough world can we make better decisions because people are involved and co-acting to achieve a common purpose? B. Chester Barnard 1. Cooperative Systems: a. Formal organizations as the kind of cooperation that is conscious, deliberate, and purposeful. b. Formal organizations helped: (1)Maintain an internal equilibrium. (2)Examine external forces to see if adjustments must be made. An open systems viewpoint. (3)Analyze the functions of executives. c. Organizations needed to be cooperative systems because people had choices and they could choose to contribute or not to contribute. d. The executive functions could modify actions and motives through influence and control. e. Effective-Efficient: individual and organizational goals might differ and Barnard expressed this as: (1)Effective, meet the goals of the organization. (2)Efficient, meeting individual motives, and only the individual could determine whether or not this was occurring. Students may find Barnards terms mean something different from previous definitions of effective and efficient. Mayo used logic of efficiency where Barnard meant effective. My advice to the class is to keep these definitions in mind only for Barnard. . The only measure of efficiency according to Barnard was the organizations capacity to survive. That is, to provide adequate inducements to satisfy individual motives to secure their cooperation. At this point, another question occurs: an organization must also be effective or it may not be able to be efficient. Rather than being dichotomous, are effective and efficient really co-acti ng? 2. Elements of formal organizations: Barnard defined a formal organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. The late Lyndall Urwick felt this definition was too broad, and quipped: under Barnards definition, a boy kissing a girl is also a formal organization. a. Willingness to cooperate, and this was to be facilitated by the offerings of objective and subjective incentives. Perhaps somewhat controversial is Barnards notion that this meant self-abnegation, surrender of control of personal conduct, and depersonalization of personal actions. Did this mean we lose our individuality? If so, then why did he stress the need to satisfy individual motives? b. Purpose, or objectives of the organization. Although individual and organizational motives were different, individuals could achieve their motives by working toward organizational purposes. This reminds me of Douglas McGregors Theory Y, which will be presented in Chapter 20. c. Communication, for which Barnard developed 3 principles: (1)Channels should be definitely known. (2)Objective authority (I interpret this to mean formal authority) requires a definite channel of communication. (3)Keep the line of communication short and direct. d. Informal organization, where Barnard also saw 3 universal elements: 1)Communication. (2)Maintenance of cohesiveness. (3)Maintenance of feelings of personal integrity and self-respect. It might be worthwhile to ask the class how Barnards notion of the informal organization compares with F. W. Taylors systematic soldiering and Elton Mayos illogical logic of sentiments. 3. Acceptance Theory of Authority a. Barnards definition of authority included the notion that a communication must be accepted by the organizational member. b. Authority did not reside in persons of authority, but in a members acceptance of authority. c. Individuals would consent to authority if four conditions were met: (1)They understood the communicated order. (2)They believed the order was consistent with the organizations purpose. (3)The order was compatible with their personal interests as a whole. (4)They were physically and mentally able to comply with the order. Depending on how much time you wish to spend on this topic, there are a number of implicit issues here regarding interpersonal communications, the clarity of the organizations purpose, and the morality/ethical possibil- ities regarding personal interests. d. Zone of indifference, Barnards phrase for explaining how an organization could function since members could accept or reject authority on almost any occasion. Individuals could be very indifferent, leading to a wider possibility of acceptance, or less indifferent. This depended on the individuals weighing the inducements, burdens, and sacrifices. In class, I may say: as your instructor, lets assume I have some a uthority in this class. How far can I go? Would you stand in your class seats if requested? Would you etc.? I find a fairly wide acceptance of reasonable requests, but for a promise of better grades the students become a lot more amenable to my suggestions. In some ways, this is scary. e. Authority of leadership, Barnards way of expressing the potentiality of assent created when people had respect for and confidence in their leaders. f. Authority still existed in the organizational hierarchy, in formal authority, but authority in the final analysis still rested with the organizational member. 4. The Functions of the Executive. Three, according to Barnard: a. Provide a system of communication. b. Promote securing personal efforts. c. Formulate and define organizational purpose. d. Decision making and â€Å"strategic factors. † Strategic factors was an idea that Barnard took from John R. Commons. e. In â€Å"logical† and â€Å"non-logical† decision making, Barnard reveals the importance of intuition, tacit knowledge, to go with logical decision making processes. 5. Moral leadership for Barnard involved executives having a high moral code, demonstrating it as an example, and seeking to create this morality in others. For discussion, this can lead you into recent examples of failures as well as successes of executives, financiers, and others in displaying their moral leadership. Chapter 15 People and Organizations My students refer to Chapters 15 and 16 as telephone book chapters, lots of names and some intellectual addresses where contributions were made. These are accurate assessments so I suggest that you tailor your assignments to fit your course objectives. In Chapter 15, I focus on Moreno, Lewin, Maslow, Scanlon, Lincoln, McCormick, Simon, and Whyte as well as the leadership studies at Michigan and Ohio State. For my purpose, these capsulize the research in group dynamics, changing behavior, job design, motivation, participation, leadership, decision making and socio-technical systems. A. People at Work: The Micro View I approach this as organizational behavior before it acquired that label. The bases of modern OB were being built during this era. 1. Eduard Lindeman a. Early study of group behavior in member interaction, participation, and attitudes. b. Origin of phrase participant-observer. c. Lindeman was a cohort of Mary Follett and they appear to have influenced each other. . Jacob Moreno a. Sociometry, trying to classify individuals into groups that were capable of harmonious relationships. b. Sociogram, mapping interpersonal preferences. Note the difference he found when preferences were for social vs. task mates. c. Psychodrama, a cathartic experience for an individual in a group setting. d. Sociodrama, the basis of role playing. e. Role reversal, taking the role of others and a us eful technique for working with culturally diverse groups. 3. Kurt Lewin a. Group dynamics and field theory. Gestalt notions for understanding individuals in groups. Note Moreno’s influence on Lewin. b. Quasi-stationary equilibrium. Groups never achieved a steady state but were continuously in a process of mutual adaptation. (This notion has led me to have numerous doubts about the findings of small group research projects. ) c. Leadership, perhaps an inappropriate label for a study of social climate in 10-11 year old boys. Lewin asked his counselors to role play democratic or authoritarian styles and found what he expected in the boys reactions. One counselor, however, misplayed his role and, rather than throwing the data out, Lewin called this laissez-faire. This style has persisted in the literature despite its inaccuracy. d. Changing behavior, Lewins finding that group participation facilitated the change process. His three step model is still a foundation for contemporary â€Å"action research† and organizational change: unfreezing through participation; moving to the new level; and freezing (reinforcing) the desired new behavi or. e. Lewins work became the basis for sensitivity training through his influence on Leland Bradford. B. Human and Industrial Relations 1. National Labor Relations Act of 1935 led to a new emphasis on collective bargaining and labor-management relations. 2. Interdisciplinary research such as the University of Chicago Committee on Human Relations. 3. Beginnings of industrial relations centers at various universities. 4. Increased interest in human relations training. C. Changing Assumptions about People at Work 1. Motivation, both Henry Murray and A. H. Maslow and the development of a need theory of motivation. a. Maslow and the hierarchy of human needs. b. Maslow’s â€Å"humanistic psychology† and the Third Force in psychology. . Joseph Scanlon, union official and later a colleague of Douglas McGregor at MIT. The Scanlon Plan: (1)A union-management productivity plan whereby groups of workers got bonuses for proposing savings in labor costs. (2)Group oriented. (3)Not profit sharing. d. James F. Lincoln, rewarding individual efforts based on skill ratings. (1)Wages and benefits were comparable to the Clevela nd area labor market. (2)In addition, bonuses were paid for performance based on quality and quantity of output as well as self-management (or, in contemporary terms, â€Å"empowerment†). 3)Bonuses were typically substantial until recent years. Have a class member check Lincoln Electric’s web site and/or Cleveland area newspapers for the latest on employee bonuses. 2. Job Enlargement, research in the 1940s by Walker and Guest indicated some possible improvements if jobs were designed to lengthen (broaden) the work cycle (you may want to stress that this concerned combining jobs rather than increasing job depth). 3. Participation, a power-equalization thesis of this period to play down the importance of the organizational hierarchy. 1)James Worthy, at Sears, Roebuck argued for flatter structures and decentralization. He also worked with the University of Chicagos Committee on Human Relations to study the impact of structure on employee morale. (2)William B. Given, Jr. , a bottom-up approach. (3)Charles P. McCormick, a plan for participation which is still operative in this tea, spice, and extract firm. Junior boards were created (multiple management) to improve communications, manager development, and coordination through participation. 4. Leadership a. T. W. Adorno and the F (for Fascist) scale. b. Rensis Likert and the University of Michigan studies of leadership orientations: (1)An employee orientation, stressing interpersonal relations. (2)A production orientation, focus on producing. (3)An employee orientation, coupled with more general supervision, led to higher productivity, better morale, lower turnover, greater group cohesiveness, and less employee anxiety. c. The leadership studies at Ohio State University, largely led by Ralph Stogdill and Carroll Shartle, also found a two dimensional orientation. (1)Initiating structure, acting to further the work objectives. 2)Consideration, emphasizing followers needs and interpersonal relations. d. Despite differing terminology, leadership was viewed by each as a two-by-two matrix of leader behaviors in which being people-oriented was not mutually exclusive of a production orientation. D. People at Work: The Macro View 1. William Foote Whytes study of restaurants. a. Status in the social system ran counter to the work flow and who initiated work for others in the technical system. b. Whytes work was key to the idea of socio-technical systems. c. Whyte is noted for â€Å"participatory action research. † 2. E. Edward] Wight Bakke, the interactions of the formal and informal systems; the bonds of organization; and the fusion process involving organizational position and personal views of standing or status. 3. Tavistock Institute and the work of Elliott Jacques. 4. Pioneering study of Trist and Bamforth on the impact of technology on The social system. 5. Herbert A. Simon, greatly influenced in his early work by Chester Barnard, was interested in how choices (decisions) were made: a. Limits that â€Å"bound the area of rationality made it difficult to achieve the best possible decision. Note Simon’s later use of the term â€Å"bounded rationality. b. Satisficing or good enough decisions were a result of the decision makers limited rationality. c. Composite decisions would be better because of th e limits on one persons capability to achieve better solutions; participation by different groups would be an improvement. d. With James March, Simon authored the influential book Organizations. They viewed organizations as complex networks of decision processes that influence human choices. 6. George C. Homans was influenced by the writings of Vilfredo Pareto through the seminars of L. J. Henderson. Another study of the relationships created when work and social systems interact. Various dimensions were found in: a. Activities, formal or informal. b. Interactions, prescribed or emergent. c. Sentiments, the elusive nature of feelings. Chapter 16 Organizations and People Again, one of those chapters with numerous names. The broad intent of the chapter is to prepare the foundation for a later discussion of management and organization theory. In contrast with Chapter 15, the focus is on formal organization, re