Introduction to Business

Wednesday November 1 3, 2013 Homework Chapter 1 1 Professor: Mr. B Introduction to Business Rudy V. Garcia Chapter 1 Who will be the various stakeholders of your business? Pedestrians All High School, Middle School and Elementary Schools students around my neighborhood Churches Attendants Charter Schools attendants All local commerce of my area of performance What are some of the things you can do to benefit your community other than providing Jobs and tax revenue? Provide affordable prices Use local providers Do not use products that contain G. M. O (Genetically Modify Organisms) OfferScholarship programs for high scholars with low income How will you establish good relationships with your suppliers? With your employees The best I can offer is a relationship based in honesty and integrity. Also I will take the time to the needs of my employees and work to meet those needs. Do you see any conflict between your desire to be as profitable as possible and your desire to pay employees a living wage? I believe that we reap what we saw. If I am truly involve with the well-being of my employees; they will not only work tor what I pay them tor; they will engage hemselves in the company and be more profitable.Which of the environmental factors outlined in this chapter might have the biggest impact in your business? How? Competing by restructuring and empowerment will be the most difficult area I will have to deal with more than anything. I believe building a team that moves according to the needs of the business is a hard but possible goal; the process to bring together people to work towards one specific task requires time, money and patience. Chapter 2 U. S. Supreme court ruled that cities could have school voucher programs that give oney directly to parents, who could then choose between competing schools, public or private.The idea was to create competition among schools. Like business, schools were expected to improve their services to win students from competitors . The result would be improvement in all schools, private and public, to benefit many students. Do you believe economics principles like competition apply in the both private and public organizations? Be prepared to defend your answer. Yes, I do. Competition opens the door for creativity. I believe that when people immerge themselves into a ompetitive environment they tend to get more creative and also work hard to achieve a goal.Are there other public functions that might benefit from more competition, including competition from private firms? The Law System Transportation Education System Many people say that businesspeople do not do enough for society. Some students choose to go into the public sector instead of business because they want to help others. However, businesspeople say that they do more to help others than nonprofit groups do because they provide Jobs for people rather than giving them charity. Furthermore, they believe businesses create all the wealth that nonprofit groups distribute.How can you find some middle ground in this debate to show that both businesspeople and those who work for nonprofit organizations contribute to society and need to work together more closely to help people? Both are important and complement each other. Business provide the way of creating wealth and nonprofit make society remember to reach out for the less fortunate. Businesses push people to achieve success and thru nonprofit we are reminded that the ultimate level of uccess is achieve by a persona only when this persona gives back to his/her community.How could you use the concepts of Adam Smith to help illustrate your position? Well if we can guide business to be more involve in the community they are surrounded by; business will create more wealth that will impact the lives of the community at the same time. Government will exist only to promote and incentive companies to give back to the community that have make them successful. Chapter 3 About 95% of the wo rld's population lives outside the United States, but many U. S. ompanies, especially small businesses still do not engage in global trade.Why not? Do you think more small businesses will participate in global trade in the tuture. 7 Why or why not? Global trade demands to spend lot money in resource such as advertisement, licenses, taxes, etc. These expenses make the process hard for small businesses to Join global trade. If the governments around the world approve laws that allow small business to enter in the global trade at a low cost I believe there is chance we can see small companies entering in global trade market.Countries like he United States that have a high standard of living are the referred to as industrialized nations. Countries with a lower standard of living and quality of life are called developing countries (or underdeveloped or less developed countries) what factors prevent developing nations from becoming industrialized nations? One of the mayor problems is the lack of resources such as technology, leadership, not production orientated, disadvantage in global trading, they not own bigger enough ways of massive production, corrupted law systems and economical systems.What can businesses do to prevent unexpected problems in dealing with ociocultural, economic and financial, legal and regulatory, and physical and environmental forces in global market? The best way will be to stay in touch with the needs of their client and ayes open to what the market is requiring to exist. Always being open to enter in new fields and achieve a top creativity vision that allows them to transform themselves to the market. How would you Justify the use of revenue or protective tariffs in todays global market? They lack objective and most of them are doing to elite corporations.

Intermediate accounting II Essay

The action by Coca-Cola Company and Marriott Corporation to form separate companies and transfer their debts to them is geared towards posting a good position in their financial records. Owning less than 50% of the other company makes it an associate company rather than a subsidiary. Consequently the Coca-Cola Company or Marriott Corporation world not include the associate’s accounts in their consolidated accounts, thus the debts transferred to these associate companies will not affect the groups’ consolidated accounts in a negative way. According to accounting practices the accounts of an associate company are not consolidated in the holding company’s consolidated accounts. The investment made by the holding company is reflected in its accounts as an asset. The Coca-Cola Company and the Marriott Corporation would thus post a good position in their financial records because the debt they transferred to the associate companies would not be reflected instead their investment in the associate companies is reflected thus further making their position favorable. These actions are appropriate for the Coca-Cola Company and Marriott Corporation as posting a favorable position will enable them attract investors, loan financing and increase their reputations. However, this treatment does not post a honest economic reality to the investors and customers. According to generally accepted accounting principles a company is supposed to make full disclosure of all information relevant for a third party to make informed decision about the company as explained in Investor words.com website (http://www. investorwords. com/2108/full_disclosure. html) and in Gaap handbook of policies and procedures,1999 ( Siegel,Qureshi, 1998). The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles should be amended so as the holding companies can be forced to reveal in their financial records, their share of liability held through the associate companies. This will ensure that their records post an honest economic reality of their operations.

Stock and Berkshire Hathaway

1. What is the possible meaning of the changes in stock price for Berkshire Hathaway and Scottish Power plc on the day of the acquisition announcement? Specifically, what does the $2. 17-billion gain in Berkshire’s market value of equity imply about the intrinsic value of PacifiCorp? The significant change in stock prices for Berkshire Hathaway and Scottish Power plc is partially due to the wide variety of products produced under these names. The approval of these investments and products are indicated by the overall market because they are creating value for both the buyer and the seller. Berkshire Hathaway is responsible for eight different types of product ranging from insurance and financial products to retail including wholesale distributing and apparel along with an array of smaller businesses. Warren Buffett’s name goes a long way based on the type of work and success he has had in the past. His decision to run the company in the interests of the shareholders has proven to be successful. â€Å"In 1977, Berkshire Hathaway’s year-end closing share price was $102; on May 24, 2005 the closing price on Class A shares reached $85,500†. It seems that Warren Buffett refuses to ‘split’ the firm’s share price in order to make it more accessible to everyday investors is because of the value of the company and the contribution that these investors have made to Berkshire Hathaway. They make risky decisions and expect a successful outcome which in turn results in a profitable project. The $2. 17-billion gain in Berkshire’s market value implies that the intrinsic value of PacifiCorp is increasing as well. The market value may be different than the intrinsic value however the intrinsic value is the actual value of the company including assets and the underlying perception of that value. Both tangible and intangible factors may be included. Therefore the intrinsic value of the PacifiCorp is on the rise with the amount of revenue they are generating. 1. Based on the multiples for comparable regulated utilities, what is the range of possible values for PacifiCorp? What questions might you have about this range? PacifiCorp |Revenue |EBIT |EBITDA |Net Income |EPS |Book Value | |Median |$6. 252B |$8. 775B |$9. 023B |$7. 96B |$4. 277B |$5. 904B | |Mean |$6. 584B |$9. 289B |$9. 076B |$7. 553B |$4. 308B |$5. 678B | | For the most part, the means are higher than the medians for the enterprise financial value of PacifiCorp. 2. Assess the bid for PacifiCorp. How does it compare with the firm’s intrinsic value? As an alternative, the instructor could suggest that students perform a simple di scounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway’s bid of $5. 1 billion for PacifiCorp was a risky yet profitable move for the pair. With the average revenue earning of $6. 584 billion and an average net income of $7. 53 billion, the earnings seem to exceed the overall cost of purchasing this corporation. PacifiCorp had steady returns for numerous years as presented below. 5. 4 percent of their stock was preferred stock for two consecutive years with dividends of $1. 35 per share. With the wide range of businesses under their belt including, insurance, apparel, building products, finance and financial products, flight services, retail, grocery distribution and carpet and floor coverings along with an assortment of smaller businesses, PacifiCorp would just be another notch in the belt of Warren Buffet. His investment strategies have proven to be profitable and his decisions have proven to be knowledgeable and successful. The intrinsic value of the corporation will definitely be of value to Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway based on PacifiCorp’s earnings, financial worth and the value of their assets in years prior to Warren Buffett’s acquisition. [pic][pic] 3. How well has Berkshire Hathaway performed? How well has it performed in the aggregate? What about its investment in MidAmerican Energy Holdings? Berkshire Hathaway has become an investing empire. Their enterprise value in 2005 was nearly $520 billion. Taking a look at their current value is no different. According to Berkshire Hathaway’s most recent 10K report (2010), they had 1,648,000 outstanding shares of class A stock. At the end of 2010 the price of the class A stock was $120,450 per share. If we use the formula for market capitalization we get: Market Capitalization = Outstanding shares * share price Market Capitalization = 1,648,000*120,450 Market Capitalization = 198,501,600,000 We then use the 10K to find their cash, cash equivalents and debt for 2010. According to their annual report they had cash and cash equivalents of $2,673,000,000 and a reported debt of $6,621,000,000. We then use these numbers to find the current enterprise value: Enterprise value = 198,501,600,000-2,673,000,000+6,621,000,000 Enterprise value = 202,449,600,000 These estimates from 2005 and 2010 show us that Berkshire Hathaway did lose some value; however they still have an enterprise value of over $200 billion. This shows us that even through the last few years when the United States has been in an economic recession overall they have remained strong. Using Yahoo Finance we see that there was a slight drop in stock A prices in February of 2009 when it reached a low of about $78,000 per share. But by the end of 2009, prices rose back to above $100,000 per share and have remained, showing consistency and continuing to build shareholder confidence. Berkshire Hathaway has increased its interest in MidAmerican from 88. 6% to 89. 8% since 2005. By doing this it only adds even more value to Berkshire Hathaway as MidAmerican is a leading provider of natural gas for more than 2. 4 million customers. The investment has surely paid off as the 2010 annual report showed 1. 13 billion dollars of earnings for Berkshire from MidAmerican. 4. What is your assessment of Berkshire’s investments in Buffett’s â€Å"Big Four†: American Express, Coca-Cola, Gillette (now part of Procter and Gamble), and Wells Fargo? With a little more than 150,000,000 shares of American Express, Berkshire Hathaway owns about 12. 6% of the company. It initially cost about $1,300,000,000 to invest in these shares. As of today the market value is right around $7,500,000,000. As you can see, Investing in American Express has turned out to be a smart move for Buffet as they have seen over $6. 2 Billion in profit. American Express shows a consistent trend year after year of making a profit and continues to be a safe and attractive purchase. Berkshire owns around 200,000,000 shares of Coca-Cola coming out to be about 8. 6% ownership of the company. The cost of these shares was about $1,300,000,000 and the market value of the shares today has grown to be almost $13,400,000,000. Again we see a smart investment, with Coca-Cola producing a $12. billion dollar profit for Berkshire. Coca-Cola continues to be a leader in effectively running their finances as it seems their stock prices rises every year. They carry low debt and our consistent fitting perfect into the Berkshire mold. Berkshire Hathaway owns close to 73,000,000 shares of Procter and Gamble. These shares are equal to a 2. 6% ownership of Procter and Gamble. When they invested this cost them $464,000,00 0. Today these shares are worth around $4,800,000,000. Again we see that this investment has worked out in favor of Buffet and Berkshire Hathaway. Proctor and Gamble carries a low amount of debt and produces a high net income and continues to grow year in and year out making Buffet and other investor’s very happy shareholders. The last company Wells Fargo, Berkshire has about a 6. 8% ownership of or roughly holds around 360,000,000 shares. The cost of the Wells Fargo stock to Berkshire was estimated at around $8,000,000,000. In today’s market these shares hold a value of about $10,600,000,000. Even though this is a profit of about $2. 6 billion I’m not sure if Buffett is extremely happy with this investment. Proctor and Gambles stock price is relatively low giving it much room to grow however over the last couple of years it has fluctuated quite a bit. Out of the four investments this is definitely the least effective and efficient. 5. From Warren Buffett’s perspective, what is the intrinsic value? Why is it accorded such importance? How is it estimated? What are the alternatives to intrinsic value? Why does Buffett reject them? As I already stated, intrinsic value is found by using a company’s stock price and their earnings per share. People tend to buy the stocks that they feel are worth more than what the market claims they are worth adding to the notion of a company’s intrinsic value. Warren Buffet obviously does much more than the average person when he chooses stocks to invest in as we can see from the amount of money he and Berkshire Hathaway have. When deciding whether or not to invest in a company he looks at the return on equity of a company to see the consistency of a company’s performance and how much equity they are able to generate for their shareholders. Buffet performs this calculation year after year to be sure that the company is consistent. Next, he looks at the company’s debt to equity ratio to be sure that the company is avoiding large amounts of debt. None of the companies he invests in have higher liabilities than assets as he believes that debt in large amounts is a bad thing. In order for him to be willing to invest he must see that the company is or will be highly profitable for years to come. If the company hasn’t been publically traded for at least 10 years more times than not, he won’t even consider investing. He does not believe in short-term success; he claims that â€Å"in the short-term, the market is a popularity contest. He chooses stocks by looking at the overall ability and potential of a company rather than how they perform in the short-term ignoring the supply/demand attraction. When Buffet considers companies for the long-term, he looks at them more as an owner than a shareholder concerned with receiving capital gains. He is concerned with the individual company and their abili ty to make money over the long-term. He prefers to act as almost an owner and less of a shareholder concerned with receiving capital gains. 6. Critically assess Buffett’s investment philosophy. Be prepared to identify points where you agree and disagree with him. . Economic reality, not accounting reality. When looking at a business, Warren Buffet looks at the economic reality as opposed to the accounting reality. Accounting reality looks at a company using the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to determine the value of the company. GAAP covers revenue recognition, balance sheet item classification, and outstanding share measurements. Economic reality is broader than accounting reality and includes intangible assets, such as patents, trademarks, special managerial expertise, and reputation of the company. When looking at the value of a company looking at the economic reality makes more sense because it includes intangible assets that can’t be computed, but are an important factor for the value of a company. For example, the reputation of a company cannot be quantified, but reputation is valuable in the sense that a company with a good reputation will draw more favor from customers and investors while a company with a bad reputation will drive away customers and potential investors. 2. The cost of lost opportunity. This compares an investment opportunity against the next best alternative. What this means is that when making a decision as to whether to invest in one company or the other, choices are made as either/or decisions rather than yes/no. By looking at companies this way, Buffet is able to see how investing in one company would compare by looking at the potential returns on common stock from investing in another company. 3. Value creation: time is money. In terms of value creation, Buffet believes that intrinsic value is a better indicator of future expected performance as opposed to using book value. Intrinsic value is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life while, book value is the number of total assets a company has minus intangible assets and liabilities. What makes the intrinsic value a better indicator of future expected performance is the fact that book value may not reflect the economic reality because depending on the relationship between expected returns and the discount rate; value can either be gained or lost. What this means is that the estimates of the return on equity can drastically change whether or not a company is seen as valuable. . Measure performance by gain in intrinsic value. Performance is measured by gain in intrinsic value as opposed to accounting profit. Warren Buffet says that Berkshire’s performance is not measured by the size of the company, but by the companies per share progress. The gain of intrinsic value is modeled as the value added by a business compared to the cost for the use of capital in that business. Other forms of measuring performance look at the ability to earn returns in excess of the cost of capital. By looking at per share progress, it is easier to see growth in a company than by looking at how large it is because a large company does not mean that it is a profitable company or that their growth is related to an increase in profit, if anything their growth could just be related to a large number of acquisitions. 5. Risk and discount rates. When looking at risk and discount rates, instead of using the traditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to estimate discount rates, Buffet chooses to use the rate of return on the long term treasury bond to discount cash flows. The CAPM model of estimating discount rates adds in a risk premium to the long term risk free rate of return, while Buffet’s method avoids risk altogether and uses a risk-free discount rate. The reason behind this is that Buffet likes to invest in companies with predictable and stable earnings and avoid financing his firm with debt. Overall this is a smart strategy because if there was ever an economic crisis, like there was a few years ago, a company not financed with debt and low risk would pull through better than a company who had many high risk investments and was financed by debt. . Diversification. Buffet’s view on diversification is that it is an unnecessary precaution, and that instead of inventing in many stocks to avoid risk, it would be more profitable to wait for one exceptional company to invest in. The logic behind this makes sense, but the execution is difficult because of the fact that the stock market is so volatile and investors do not have all of the information necessary to make an informed decision with 100% confidence that there investment will pay off. There is also the fact that some investment opportunities may be missed if companies wait too long to find that one exceptional company to invest in. 7. Investing behavior should be driven by information, analysis, and self-discipline, not by emotion or â€Å"hunch†. Buffet believes that stock prices have become unreliable measure of intrinsic value of a company because they are influenced by the fear and greed of investors. He also doesn’t believe in the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), which states that stock prices are fair in reflecting what was known about a company. Buffet disapproves of this theory because he believes that stock prices do not accurately portray the intrinsic value of the company and believing in this theory prevents investors from seeing the bigger picture on how the stock market really works. It is important to use information and analysis of companies when making an investment decision because you can’t always trust the information that is given and the information given may not give the whole picture on the value of a company. 8. Alignment of agents and owners. When it comes to investing Buffet believes that an alignment of agents and owners is important. This means that the needs of the company are that of the needs of the shareholders. Keeping the needs of the shareholders first is important to having a successful business. If shareholders are happy, businesses can expect to receive a good supply of cash flow from investments. Shareholder wealth can also lead to more profits in the company as well as the company will be focused on long term profit maximization and not just the short term. 7. Should Berkshire Hathaway’s shareholders endorse the acquisition of PacifiCorp? While looking at PacifiCorp’s Consolidated Financial Statement (Exhibit 7) PacifiCorp’s income from operations before tax fits the criteria 1 presented in Berkshire Hathaway’s acquisition criteria (Exhibit 8) by having more than $75 million in pretax earnings, (PacifiCorp has $4. 2 billion. ) However, they do carry about $3. 92 billion in long-term debt, which fails criteria 3 in Exhibit 8. They do however, fill criteria 2 in Exhibit 8 by bringing in about $3. 6 million more in net income from 2005 to 2004 (Exhibit 7) although more data would be needed to see if PacifiCorp was consistently earning a profit. Compared to 6 other companies in the same field in Exhibit 9, PacifiCorp doesn’t seem like the best investment. PacifiCorp is number 2 for total assets, but also number 2 for total liabilities. This goes in hand with their total long-term debt as they are also number 2, but for short-term debt they are number 5. For total debt they are number 2. For total revenue before taxes, PacifiCorp is number 4. What these numbers mean is that compared to other companies, it seems that PacifiCorp is a more risky investment. PacifiCorp generally has more debt and is not bringing in as much revenue, though they still have positive growth in net income. Another source of concern is that PacifiCorp has very low earnings per share with a EPS of just $0. 81 with the next competitor having an EPS of $1. 42 (Exhibit 10). From looking at the data presented in the tables, shareholders should not endorse the acquisition of PacifiCorp because the company fails several criteria that were established by Berkshire Hathaway as guidelines for acquiring corporations, and it is unlikely that the acquisition will result in the 15% annual growth of the intrinsic value of the firm.

Android Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Android - Essay Example No computer system can be thought of a complete system without an operating system .Many pioneers in this field have taken the operating system concept to a new dimension. Out of all the operating system pioneers in the field, each of these has a common objective between them and that is to facilitate the common user in a better way, improve the experience of operating system and computer usage and take it to a further improved level. Background: The modern times are categorized by digital era. Computer has been a ubiquitous entity and has engulfed us in all dimensions. This expansion has changed the overall outlook of the world and its activities. This all started in the seventies decade when the operating systems and computing world took a new shape in form of personal computers. Since then the journey has been a continuous one has never stopped. The present day existence is a result of the journey covered in form of different operating systems and different companies contributing in their own right towards what we term as a digitally equipped 21st century. The introduction of smart phones and tablets have given a new dimension to the world of computing and thereby further expanded the market of digital devices with focus of customers on portable devices and their better services. History of Android Operating systems: Android operating system is one of the big names in the field of computing and operating system. It might not be as old as its compatriots that are in the field for over multiple decades, still it has made a name and is amongst the top operating systems and entities that are being sought after by the users. As of present the Android operating system enjoys an established position amongst the top three to five operating systems in the field of computing world. This has been made possible through the services, functionalities and features that it provides. The ultimate aim behind Android operating system has been to make the experience of computer usage most friendly and entertaining. Its origin: Android operating system came into its infancy not so long ago, and it was an endeavor and craftsmanship of two individuals named Nick Sears and Andy Rubin. Even they would have never thought that their product would go to an international level and would end up between amongst the top three operating systems in the world of computers. They designed the product with the motto of mobile devices that are smarter in their functionality and facilitate its users in terms of their choices and locations. What started off as an amateur venture by the two individuals, in few years time it caught the attention of Google Inc, and Google inc decided to purchase it, the case grew further strong when Open Handheld Alliance (O.H.A) incorporated Android operating system into its systems and services. O.H.A itself is a giant entity that has over 80 international brands under its umbrella all working in the field of communication, computers and servi ces. These include H.T.C, Samsung to name a few. The O.H.A and android together aim to provide a new medium to the users in form of enriched mobile phones as well as computing operating system which is designed with due consideration of the customers’ needs and requirements(Steele, et al 2011). Scope of Android: Android systems do not only facilitate the operating system clients and markets, rather they have number of other services to provide which are in form of application

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Security - Essay Example To understand the nature of this proverbial beast we must take a closer look at the misaligned incentives that guide the basic design and deployment of computer systems, which form a major chunk of the issue. These misguided incentives begin with what economists call a moral hazard effect which resulted in a landslide of fraud. Other incentives include consumer’s lack of prioritizing on security measures which resulted in their minimum spending on software security. This is referred to by economists as ‘The tragedy of the commons’ with consumer’s unwilling to spend on measures that did not directly benefit them. Third is the failure in privacy and prolonged regulatory issues due to poor allocation of online risks. Last is the ability of these incentives to affect defense and offense strategies. With highlighting these key aspects we can move on to examining two mutually exclusive reasons for the decline in credit card number prices and violations of securit y based on economics being the reason for the existence of economics of security. The first of these reasons is ‘Network Externality’. In the information sector network externality refers to the software industry. Where the number of software users’ counts as the operating system developed depends on the choices of these people. So when the software company is in its initial development phase it tends to ignore security to strengthen its market position, later they add security measures once they have locked down on their target market. In economies this principle is called the Metcalfe’s law, stating that the value of a network grows with the number of people using it. This principle when applied to credit cards can be viewed as more merchants take credit cards their usefulness increases in the eyes of the customer. This results in more customers having credit cards increasing the likelihood of more merchants accepting them. So we notice that although the credit card network grows slowly initially but as positive feedback rolls in an exponential growth results. This has a direct impact on the decrease in the credit card number prices with a burst of credit card users. The second reason for this mutually exclusive occurrence has to do with ‘competitive applications and corporate warfare’. In reference to credit cards we look at the business strategy that requires manipulating switching costs. This can incorporate direct and indirect switching costs in terms of making systems incompatible or controlling marketing channels. Sometimes product differentiation and higher switching costs can both be used as security mechanism goals. For example look at Microsoft Passport, which operates with the promise of a single sign-on that facilitates consumer convenience. However that being said the real goals of Microsoft Passport is to subtly gather huge sums of date on consumer purchasing patterns with the expansion of a strong networ k externality. Also it limits the customer choice since the undertaken transactions are only operational on Microsoft software. This shows how instead of a concentration on security the product concentrates instead on web server control and acquisition of information markets. The products credit card transactions and details, which are all kept by Microsoft, result in the creation of a target market. This increases the probability of a greater external threat as well as a complete stranger

The effect of stress on personnel and organization behaviour Essay

The effect of stress on personnel and organization behaviour - Essay Example 81) on job exhaustion, physical wellbeing issues, and performance setbacks. In a recent study, the workers who felt exhausted were put into three groups of managers - (1) best, (2) moderate, (3) worst - employees with the ‘worst’ managers felt exhausted and were more expected to have sleep disorders as a result of job uncertainties. In addition, workers with the worst managers were 60 percent more liable to have colleagues who were thinking about leaving the company. Job-related stress was directly linked with exhaustion, physical and mental fitness issues, as well as performance problems, for instance, absence, increase in employee turnover, poor value, mishaps, and blunders. At the moment, major apprehension of employees was looking for a technique to create stability in professional and personal life responsibilities. In view of the fact that flexibility is an extremely vital apprehension for workers, having slight flexibility in the career will be an important basis of stress. â€Å"The additionally practical as well as unyielding a business is regarding taking time off, finding out professional agendas, and so forth, the higher the stress level of its workforce† (Maslach and Leiter, 1997, p. 87). When employees are stressed as a result of work surplus or time constraints, they are more liable to disregard security practices or overlook the utilization of appropriate security mechanism, considering â€Å"they do not have time for either† (Gee and Gee, 2011, p. 99). Since stress neglects an individual’s capability to think, without a doubt, the worried workers are more expected to operate without paying attention to the possible outcomes of hazardous practices. A worker, who is tensed due to excess of work, is likely to rush and attempt to go as rapidly as feasible with a task. This raises the possibilities of blunders, mishandling objects, and taking no notice of safety warnings that could avoid

Globalization and the Capitalist State Redundant Essay

Globalization and the Capitalist State Redundant - Essay Example In view of the Marxist globalization has been seen as an expansion or development of capitalism in the world. Like other traditional works that were seen to fit in a loose framework of anti-globalization, Marxism may not be described as a single movement nor can it be described as following a unitary intellectual practice from a theoretical perspective. In this case we should understand that Marxism as whole has been engaging with contemporary phenomena in a way that the manner and the mindsets that it has been postulating in the past has been evidence in class, political economy, labor, capitalism and in many other socialism concepts and revolution described as the central axis of globalization. (Ollman 1998, p.87) Â  With the end of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s, and the consequent embrace of the capitalism like in the Peoples Republic of China has been expressed as the end of the Marxism’s period. Regardless of the fact that the world has embraced the capitalist economies, Marxism still present a poignant and painful way of accounting for globalization. This has been witnessed in what is happening in the aftermath of the wave that took the world from the 1990s. Marxism has been expressed in many areas like the free-markets, oppressed and exploited labor, modernization, and many other reforms that have been carried out in the political, social and economic systems of the world. Â  Globalization has been described as the increased interaction of the world or the opening up the world. In the last few decades, there has been increased movement of people and goods. There has been the emergence of the new market. Therefore globalization has been a tendency to create a unipolar world though it has been expressed mostly in economic terms.

Smoking cessation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking cessation - Essay Example According to Pignone and Salazar (2009), smoking cessation can increase life expectancy of up to 3 years in women smokers and 2 years in men. In other researches, the life expectancy of a non-smoker is 13-14 years higher than a smoker (Chandler and Rennard, 2010). Studies have confirmed that smoking cessation has inflicts immediate health benefits to the individual. Several interventions are successful in smoking cessation which includes counseling, pharmacotherapy or a combination of both. In this respect, the most important factor is client’s self chosen health goal to quit smoking and both pharmacotherapy and counseling prove to be useful for such patients, however, in patients with unwilling behavior to quit pharmacotherapy is ineffective. Medical counseling approach should emphasize on health and economic benefits of cessation, motivational interviews, patient education on disease risk factors, community/family support and relapse prevention. Pharmacological therapies con sist of nicotine replacement therapy which includes nicotine patch, gums, lozenges, nasal sprays, inhalers etc. (Pignone and Salazar, 2009). All of these have shown to be equally effective in smoking cessation. In addition, anti-depressant therapy with drugs such as Bupropion, varenicline and Clonidine have been proven as effective smoking cessation agents. Several studies have suggested that a combination of these pharmacological therapies is quite effective i.e. nicotine gum with nicotine patch etc. (Chandler and Rennard, 2010).

Aesthetic Consumption Everyday Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Aesthetic Consumption Everyday Life - Essay Example The researcher states that we have seen various professionals, more so women creating at least thirty or more minutes to drive out of their workplaces and attend their favorite beauty avenues, and this comprises of salons, jewelry outlets, massage centers and fashion houses among others to keep their beauty or aesthetics at the peak Furthermore, magazines and articles on modern aesthetics are rated to be the most read and this is a clear indication of the modern generation’s dedication to fashion, textile, and jewelry among aesthetic elements. These factors have driven consumer researchers to dig more into the daily consumption of aesthetic elements with regard to today’s economy. There are four basic theories associated with various types of jewelry consumers and these are the traditional, the pragmatic, the minimalist and the critical or allegorical aesthetic consumers. The traditional aesthetic consumers are those who believe that jewels were designed and made for th eir own sake. The jewel is more of intrinsic value than instrumental as other people may see it. These are the people who do not care whether the nose ring was made a decade ago; the most important thing is that they have the ring. The critical jewelry consumers are those are ever updated on the trending or the most recent jewels. They are the ones who do not want to go to a social avenue and realize they do not have the new â€Å"Gucci bracelet diamond† that would automatically ruin their confidence. Critical jewelry consumers would end up spending their entire savings just to have that modern diamond chain to dominate a certain social group. Their main motive is to remain on the top and seen as an icon. Majority of critical jewelry consumers like musicians, actors, comedians, athletes, Media personalities and designers among others people who demand the public attention.

Global Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Leadership and Management - Essay Example The researcher states that in the light of one salient threat to the Kids Retail, mentioned in its SWOT analysis, which is the competition posed by the kid’s shops of the big chains like Wall-Mart and Limited Corporation, the researcher’s company could exploit this threat as a pivotal opportunity for international expansion. It is a pragmatic fact that the emerging kids’ apparel companies simply cannot contend with the retail and logistics potential of the established big chains. Considering the fact that apparel retailing is a capital and investment intensive business, our company could opt to emerge as a leading kids ‘apparel brand by striking pan-global alliances with leading apparel retail stores like Wal-Mart, Sears and JC Penny’s. Kids’ apparel business is required to contend with a complex market, considering the fact that a large segment of the consumers tend to fall without the typical consumer profile. Hence the resources saved on es tablishing new stores and supply and logistics operations, courtesy the alliances forged with the big global chains could be better spent on coming out with large lines during the main selling seasons that are spring, summer, back to school and holidays. At an international level, kids’ fashion happens to be one of the fast growing categories of clothing. So the time and resources saved by leaving retailing to the big clothing chains like Wal-Mart and JC Penny’s, the researcher’s company could focus on its core competencies like monitoring the international trends in kids’ clothing and fast adapting the products to the emerging trends.

Intro 4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro 4 questions - Essay Example As a result reformation of penology was formed which saw establishment of gate to sewer in order to improve hygiene of cells. The model incorporated both the New York and Pennsylvania models. Later, Moonachie introduced mark system that aimed at fiving hope to prisoners concerning their future. Following signs of marks model success, Irish model was introduced which advocated for release of prisoners upon attaining satisfactory good behavior. Lastly, Elmira model was introduced to modify Irish model through giving inmates indeterminate sentencing but prisoners had an opportunity to earn early release if their behavior improves (P, 356). Modern prisons are divided into state and federal prisons. The level of security required in prisons mainly depends on potential of prisons to escape i.e. minimum, low medium, maximum and super- maximum. There is difference in these prisons on matters of environment. The state correctional system controls prison farms and camps that are mainly for inmates with low offence. Others include boot camps which are mainly aimed at enabling the inmates to undergo physical conditioning and discipline. Military prisons on the other hand are different from state and federal prisons as it has its own criminal codes. Lastly, co-correctional prisons are those that provide normal prison environment through allowing both women and men to integrate together (p. 367). Jails mainly confine persons who are serving short sentences, person awaiting trial, conviction or sentencing, individual who have violated of their probation, mentally ill persons, person who is under protection e.g. witness or state inmates. Jails have undergone tremendous changes with origin of modern jails being traced back on 1166 and with the first jail having been built in 1650s. Colonial jails had small rooms which could accommodate approximately 30 inmates. At this era inmates had to buy food for on their own. Since then jails have gone through modern

This Is Just to Say Essay Example for Free

This Is Just to Say Essay Out of all the poems that we have viewed in the first two weeks of class the one that caught my attention was the poem by William Carlos Williams, â€Å"This is Just to Say†. This poem was so short and so simple but seemed to be so much more than what it really is. The poem by William Carlos Williams; â€Å"This is Just to Say† is difficult to dissect. In shorter poems the perception of what it actually means I feel is harder to find. Being the poem is only 28 words and no word is over 3 syllables it seems that this was an intended note left for someone to find. This poem; This is Just to Say was written in 1934 and it is still unknown to whom or what the poem was intended for. As for I reading this poem it seems as if this was left for a lover. I have intended that this note was left for a lover because they have made the plums the center piece of the poem. Fruits in general are an exotic and forbidden form of love and they use the plums in a seductive way to the reader. I came to the generalization that the plums were not edible for the fact that the last ten words in the poem are; â€Å"forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold†; the sender of the poem is pleading for forgiveness for the fact of eating the frozen plums. Also the fact, that the plums were in an icebox so sweet and so cold it feels as if they were not meant for eating. The perspective I am getting from this is that they wanted to let the reader know they were there intended to leave a trace behind and not just a note. It seems as if the writer knew what they were doing and the plums were a significant meaning to the reader and that the poem took little to no time to write. The poem illustrates great detail in so little words giving you an endless amount of thought to why the sender has eaten these so sweet and so cold plums that were in the icebox. The sender seems as if they planned to write their receiver a note and had to input a secret message as to why they actually have written it. In many cases poems are about love and hidden messages that only the writer can tell you the intended meaning of it. Due to the fact that William Carlos Williams never answered the questions asked about this specific poem he wrote in 1934 his answers to all our questions will remain unknown forever.

Causes of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA)

Causes of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) Road accident fatalities are one of the major causes of death and injuries in Malaysia. Believed it or not, every years more people died because of road accident compare to diseases. Human factors, including their attitudes, carelessness and health contributed to almost all road accidents in this country and number keep on increasing every year and last year alone it shown increases of 397,194 cases in which fatal death accident note down 6,218 cases sources from Road Safety Department Malaysia (RSDM). In Asia, it estimated 400,000 people are killed because of road accident and about 4 million suffered injuries. Apart from that, about 15 million more suffered disability for life sources from Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom. The increasing number of road accident fatalities is contributed from the fast growing of economic, population, motorisation and the improvement development of the industrial sector in this country on wide scale. Each year, Malaysian has a new car o n the road due to most of Malaysian, affords to buy a new car each year. Last year alone, car sales peak up 2 percent nearly 536,905 vehicles said Aishah Ahmad (2010). The aim of this paper is to provide critical knowledge and understanding the causes and nature of accidents, statistical data regarding road accidents, social-economical context and impact towards my practise environment especially nursing profession. Hopefully, I critically enable too highlight the reflected issue. Nurse is a noble career. This career suit appropriate for a particular person with warm hearted, caring, concern and patience in accept challenges. A nurse has a great deal of responsibility in saving people lives like a doctor who are skillful medical expert and healer. Nurse as a healthcare provider, working shoulder to shoulder with doctors. In fact, the nurses presence indeed can make a difference between life and death. Im a nurse, working in Emergency and Trauma Department (ED), ED provides twenty four hours emergency care for the population of Putrajaya and Cyberjaya district and its surrounding area and responsible for the immediate recognition, evaluation, treatment, stabilisation and disposition of medical and surgical emergencies. Other emergency care services provided include Definitive Care Management, Pre Hospital Care, Call Centre and Disaster Management. As an ED nurse working at twenty four hours emergency care unit facing up with the increasing fatalities of road accident injury had burden up the workload towards nurses job itself. Delivering effective, accurate and carried out appropriate triaging system can be at stack. Why? Because of the stress amount had to carried out due to interpersonal attitudes, physical ability, shortage of working personal like doctor, nurses or assistant medical assistant (AMO), lack of appropriate equipment, working staff poor of knowledge and skill in dealing with patient with unstable conditions, that need to be treated quickly. Because time is such an essential factor in emergency treatment and proper triaging of patient in ED allows life-saving and first aid measures. In fact, triaging reducing patient waiting times that are in need of urgent attention and assessment on arrival. This will determine their priority of care, this was adapted from military medical practice as describe by Crouch R (199 2). The goals and the potential benefits of triage especially at ED is in assessing patient priority of care upon arrival, provision of life-saving and first aid interventions, reducing the anxiety frustration by quick assessment, provide information to patients and relatives, more efficient use of resources by early and appropriate directing of patient, it is according to the my department Patients Charter. The benefit of this assessment, able to direct patient to the most appropriate care area. Bailey. A (1997). Because of patient care increasingly needed on treating the sickest, the need for advanced practice nurse to provide and coordinate care in emergency rooms or trauma care has never been greater. In response to the increasing demand and changes within the scope of professional practice as a qualified nurse. There are few essential responsibilities carried out by nurses at ED. For instance, identifies Substantial psycho-emotion need by evaluate and assessing patient before distribute them for appropriate care area, age-specific plans for patient accordance to the standard nursing guidelines for proper care and treatment, perform constant observation of vital sign. Perform duties as a mentor and key player particularily in advanced area for other nurses and health care professional. In providing good quality nursing care as outlined by Nurses Act 1950 (Revised-1969). Currently and in future ahead nurses role will increase along side with the rising health consciousness and in need of good quality health care worldwide. In reality, nurses are one of a crucial component in patients recovery stated by Richardson LD (2001). As defined by Dictionary.com, nurse in ED is who has a nursing practice with formal post-basic education in holistic assessment, physical diagnosis, treatment and promotion of health. Similarly, Tritsch (1998), has observed that the transition into excited environments has highlighted the need for theory-based practice to new level. Nurse in ED performs all responsibilities or duties meets Nursing and Midwifery Board, Malaysia standard of service. There are still some debate about nursing roles in the ED, suggesting that there have been some erosion of conventional nursing value such as care, compassion and loyalty. The responsibility of nurses in ED needs to be clarified; as we know, nurses not practically care for non-critical patients as review by Watkinson S, (2006). The nurses role in ED is high recognisable and which is also allow the development of the nursing knowledge and skill. This includes triage, trauma care for patient in the entire areas of the ED as required. Jones (1990); found that normal practice in these departments was impossible to establish, such was the variety of skills of a medical practitioner being undertaken. In making these potential roles in patient care are to be realised, the ED nurse should not be viewed as a replacement to the junior doctor or AMO, but view as a professional with high qualities and skills said Hooker R (2006). In addition, there should be determine some appropriate scope of practice for ED nurse to established a position within the multidisciplinary team in enhance ED care. Theres should be inter-professional discussion to clarify the manpower, educational and professional/political implication of the ED nurse role. The implication of the ED nurse role system can provides towards the development of nursing practice in each trust on a multidisciplinary basis, providing of vicarious liability by the employing right for each ED nurse, providing appropriate education programmes i.e. ED nurse should retain a generic education programme such as Post-Basic in Advanced Emergency Medical Trauma Care (AEMTC) or separate module of high tertiary level of education in Degree or Master and also provide with short time programme development like MTLS(Malaysia Trauma Life Support), ACLS(Advanced Cardiac Life Support), BLS(Basic Life Support) and in PALS(Paediatric Advanced Life Support), but this unique opportunity not an effective resource whereby, possible de-skilling of the emergency nurse practice in other aspects of nursing care. There are many causes of accident on the road. Driving recklessly examples awful personal habits, speeding, lack of awareness, in proper or unacceptable behaviour and not wearing proper safety gear or attire especially for motorcyclist and other road user are some of the problems that contribute factor for accidents. According to a study by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, 2009), it shown nearly 500 drivers involved in road accident, it found out that some of car driver driving when sleepy, driving late night and driving for six to eight hours non-stop or lack of sleep, this linked up with a significant raise and risk of a car crash and would resulting in severe injury or death. Human error is a central element in accidents. Peter (1998) defined an error is a set of human series of action that exceeds level of tolerability. Usually, the normal judgment in behavior and human error is a departure from a normal human being. Reason (1990), reflect unsafe acts is an errors, mistake and violation. Errors can happen with or without conscious thought. It like an action that result from misinterpretation of the actual situation. In other words, mistakes are accidental behaviors that involve incorrect choice of inappropriate action for that particular situation. Routine violations come from the rules which involve behaviors, such as driving faster than the speed limit i.e.120 km/h. According to the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) Malaysia, the road accident fatality in Malaysia for year 2008 are 373,407 compared with years 2009 which is estimated 397,330 road accident. The difference is about 24,283 or 6.5 percent cases of road accident throughout the whole state of Malay sia. In the meantime, if comparing with other developed countries like Switzerland, Germany and the United States they have managed to reduce the percentage of road accident percentage from 1.9 percent to 1.4 percent said Road Safety Department, Malaysia. See appendix. The number of casualties due to motor vehicle accident (MVA) in the year 2009 for my ED alone stated up to 854 cases. Accident was the first main cause of hospitalization and cause of death for my hospitals. From recent analysis shown that, accidents are more commonly involved motor vehicles and non-motorized vehicles. For 2009, the majority of emergency call for ambulance service which is my ED had this specialized mobilised team in attend patient involved in MVA for early stabilisation and treatment, followed by attending patient who had injuries at workplace and domestic accidents. The increasing of trauma cases were related to the coverage area involving the opening of Maju expressway and the increased of population of office area, commercial centre and housing area. See Appendix. Statistical analysis shown most of the admitted or received patient at my ED for 2005-2009 reported the significant case of head injury was due to MVA. It can be sub-divide into different type of category range from severe to minor head injury. See appendix. The most common cases involved in road accident fatalities caused by severe head injury with 86 patients out of 269 of total head injury suffered from MVA. About 90 percent of the total patient was in coma or with low GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale), the level of consciousness in most of the patient were 3/15 in scale. Enlighten with the government policies and needs on extended the roles of nurses at ED, provided with the underline guidelines and together with the ethical framework of professional practice. As highlighted the requirement for a safe standard of care, nurses have a responsibility to act accordance with rules and guidance which adopted the ethical theories of Deontology; where it is a special duty and obligation to specific people or community. Ethically it is a good practice for examples a healthcare worker have an obligation to protect and safe people who had an injury or in need of help. Here, I have identified six principles for professional practice can be widen; recognition that the nursing practice carried out meet the needs of patient, continually striving for skills and knowledge that provide safe and competent care delivery, recognize the personal limitation of skill and knowledge and effort to ensure meet of patients needs, identify the expansion role must maintain continu ously for safety of the patient care, recognition of the effort of other healthcare workers involved in patient care and provide treatment and lastly the ability to delegate task appropriately. These projections are affected to some and this in fact extent to our context where; in our modern society road accident constitute a major problem thus imposing a significant burden on the workload and financial resources to the government. Malaysia is one of the countries, who have the highest road accident fatality in comparing with among other Southeast Asia country. Road accident fatality causes this country losses man power or working power professional or non professional workers, causes property and infrastructure damage, medical billing burst up sky high, create poor productivity due to disability suffered from injury and lack of professional workers and other revenue maintenance management costly increased and this effect the country economic growth edited by Radin Umar (1998). An average compensation of insurance in the event of damage to or loss of property, life or a person has peak up tremendously. The increasing number of road accident fatalities could push the insurer to press on the insurance premium and the money paid up in the event of damage was a terrible lost of economic profit to the country. According to from Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom reported, during 2005-2009 between 750.000 and 880.000 people died in road accidents worldwide. Most of them from the developing and mid-develop countries. Globally, most of the productive age group was involved in the road accident fatalities and loss of disability. The General Insurance Association of Malaysia (PIAM) is concerned over the recent rise in accidents involving commercial vehicles definitely will definitely increased insurance compensation because generally, the whole nation not just Malaysia suffered the effect and economic burden of road accident fatality and its estimated about 500 billion dollar. This event causing the held back of social and economic development at large. It involved million of money compensation due to raise of death toll and injuries, costly medical bill, rigorous demand on resources in providing welfare service and contribution, economic growth below per-average, the state become p oorer due to loss of productivity. Conclusion I found out the current situation of healthcare in ED, nurses need to adapt to the constantly changing healthcare procedure, skilled and technique in treating a patient and find new ways to deliver good care-specifically in terms of make it more practical and effective nursing practice to a utmost level ED standard. Having seeing the increasing number of patients involved in road fatality and in-accomplished the goal for urgent-care centers and integrated standard of care of a patient in ED. Nurse are excellent in communicating with patients and in collaborate with other colleague of the para-professional team. Nurses can deliver an exceptional role in terms of reorganizing the ED standard of practice with the current emergency crisis. While road safety has long been consider one of the social responsibilities to the government of Malaysia. I believe this responsibility should not solely rest on the government because there are many ways that the private sector can support government road safety campaigns and initiatives. I hoped members of the private sector would participate and contribute to the effort of increasing road awareness. The government will carry on investing seriously on road safety campaigns in bringing down the fatality rate to below two for every 10,000 registered vehicles by 2020, on par with other developed countries. With the governments spending on multimedia awareness campaigns for road users and upgrading accident-prone roads for safer use is hopefully will further reduce road deaths. Of all road accidents in Malaysia, fatal accident justified a higher degree of concern. However, road authorities feel contend with the figures of 6,218 cases death for last year alone. Although studies shown that causes to most of the accident is because of the drivers themselves. The need for providing a safe and efficient road system has been a main concern to the Malaysian government. Extra measures have to be taken up such as aggressive road safety campaign awareness in civilizing and educate road user to abide by the law and road regulation. Other relevant agencies such as Ministry of Works, Malaysia (MOW) in providing a better and safer road and Ministry of Transport, Malaysia (MOT) constantly make an positive effort in order to improve traffic accident in Malaysia, alongside with the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH) in providing better emergency aid management in attending and treating MVA cases and other government authority efforts to reduce traffic accident and to achiev e its targets, because prevention is better than cure as point up by Answer.com. Furthermore, positive steps have taken into respond by encourage people especially road user to shared care when go for work, encourage to use and support public transport, promote walking as part of health exercise and use of bicycle as an option to traffic congestion and for better and cleaner air for environment and to people to breath. As whole year, most Malaysian will witnessing and exposed with sizzling catchphrase advertisement throughout the radio, television, internet, poster, newspaper and giant electronic screen placed in most major city throughout Malaysia. Some of the phrase held like Stop on Red Light, Ware your seat belt, Celebration, Drive safely, Driving in patient and other sought kind of positive catchphrase. The campaign brought by Road Safety Council Malaysia (2010) and they will highlight on four main issue such as; road safety is a together and community effort and not a sole effort of a government, road regulation and rules is a mandatory ruling to be follow by all road user or bear-up will the summon and severe penalty, follow the law will reducing and avoid fatality and lastly if every citizen support this campaign with uncompromisingly. Hopefully, in future; collaboration between intra and inter government agency will improve more on road safety and nevertheless, the government could achieve road accident death toll to below par level. As it will also could, save million of Ringgit in term of property damage, working force and productivity loss and also medical cost.

Strategies to Develop Patient Centred Care

Strategies to Develop Patient Centred Care Sneha Praveen MIS Practicum Final Report Analysis of online patient reviews and its effect on healthcare providers Introduction With the advent of social media, online forums have become a major platform where users share their views and these platforms affect all the involved stakeholders sometimes positively and sometimes adversely. Word of mouth has become an important tool for publicity and sometimes a bad review posted without ulterior motives can do much damage. Most of such reviews and posts that we read on platforms like twitter, Facebook and online forums affect our decision making as we tend to trust judgment of others. But healthcare as an industry is still not very patient centric and not enough importance is given to patient’s opinion. This case is even more valid in the context of USA as there is no official channel for patients to leave their reviews and experience about a healthcare provider. This is very surprising as all other industries food, retail, and consumer industries revolve around what customers have to say and millions of dollars are spend on â€Å"customer satisfaction†, whereas, healthcare industry still relies on their processes without bothering to collect feedback from patients they serve. The main reason accredited to this could be that as payers, insurance companies and as service providers, physicians play the most important role. Patients in this context are mere subjects of treatment who are assumed to be not very vigilant of their own health condition. But is this situation same all around the world? And if not, then US healthcare needs to adapt and learn from such countries to improve its care and service quality. One such online forum implemented in the United Kingdom is â€Å"Patient Opinion†. This forum acts as a bridge between patients and healthcare providers to help improve the healthcare quality provided by National Health Service (NHS) to its citizens. In this paper, I will analyze data collected from patient opinion forum and present by findings answering how USA can benefit from a review outlet like Patient Opinion and how this forum has helped NHS to improve their quality and service. Why Patient-Centric Care: It is well proven that any industry benefits from customer reviews and helps in reducing cost and improve service. Slowly, healthcare needs to move towards Patient-centered care which supports active involvement of patients and care givers. It means being responsive to patient’s preferences, needs and feedback to ensure that service quality improves and slowly there is more involvement of patient in healthcare delivery and design. [1] A patient centered care has below attributes [2]: Whole-person care. Coordination and communication Patient support and empowerment Ready access Autonomy A patient centered care focus on guiding patients by giving them information about options and risks. It means considering patient’s preferences and background and valuing their feedback. According to 2001 Institute of Medicine a focus on patient centered care is one of the factors constituting high quality health care. Source: http://hcca-act.blogspot.com/2011_11_01_archive.html The current system is physician centered which means that effective care is defined by physician’s standards and skills instead of centering on patient’s satisfaction from the service rendered. For example- orthopedic surgeons use the Harris Hip score to judge the success of a hip replacement. This was designed solely by physicians and does not include any feedback from patients to include their satisfaction from the procedure [3]. Thus, it is impossible to correctly define the output of any model in healthcare until the patient experience has been taken into account for. What Patients Want Most tools that we use to judge patient satisfaction or outcome of a medical service cannot be accurately quantified. Also, the success metric for a medical care varies from physician and patient’s point of view. An example of such tools was administered by Steward.et al in 2000 where many physician-patient interactions were audio taped and patients rated these conversations. After analysis, it was deduced that patients recovered faster, had better emotional health and perceived the care as satisfactory if the care was patient-centered. The faith of patients on their healthcare providers increased when there emotional needs were taken care of by the physicians leading to less number of diagnostic tests and fewer referrals. A similar methodology can also be used to study physician empathy. Researchers at Jefferson University developed the Jefferson scale to test physician’s empathy where physicians rated their own empathy but this scale could not be used to judge patient satisfaction. Thus, a new scale called Jefferson Scale of Patient’s perception of Physician Empathy was used which judges patient’s rating of physician’s empathy which correlated to patient’s satisfaction. Mostly what patients want is a relationship of empathy with physicians, who can help them communicate with the problem and develop a personal relationship with them. The perception of care is different from physicians and patient’s point of view and we need to move our focus from â€Å"what’s the matter† with our patients to â€Å"what matters† to our patients. [1] Hindrance in achieving true patient centric care One of the most crucial factors stopping US in achieving true patient centric care is the current reimbursement system and focus on physician practice model. There is no measure in US to gauge the quality of care, empathy and relationship of a physician with patients. Reimbursement is not correlated to these factors, instead it is based on per patient encounter. Due to this, primary care physicians focus on increasing the volume of patients and reduce the time spent with each patient. Most physicians are in a hurry and under stress which leads to misdiagnosis, useless tests and referrals, decrease in quality of care and a very formal relationship between physician and patients. [6] Next important factor is that physicians employed by hospitals are incentivized or prized depending on number of patients that they bring but there is no measure to the quality of care they impart. The volume of patients precede quality because the financial benefits are huge e.g.- Each lab tests physicians’ order, each referrals they make, benefits hospitals in terms of huge monetary benefits which in turn becomes a basis of primary care physician’s salaries. Thus, understandably what drives physicians is to employ methods to increase volume of patients, decrease time spent with each patient and other ways to monetize each patient-physician interaction. [3] The third hindrance is hospitals hiring generalists called hospitalists to provide care to patients with the goal of reducing patient days per admission. This might lead to improve in care for a certain amount of time but the reason behind hiring such individuals is not to improve patient care but instead to benefit hospitals financially. The Patient Centric Approach model Patient Centered Medical Home Patient Centric medical home helps address the patient centric approach by emphasizing on high quality patient care and lower the healthcare cost. They reorganize primary care practice by recognizing the importance of patient’s experience and works on system based approach to transform health services being offered. PCMH centers their service on elderly with acute care needs, patients with physical disabilities and with specific preferences in terms of culture and values. The care offered is comprehensive and designed to meet patients’ needs including physical and mental attention, chronic care and long term assistance like help in performing daily ablutions for patients with functional limitations. [8] Accountable Care Organizations ACOs have been set up with the goal of ensuring high quality of care is given to patients at the right time to prevent medical errors and reduce medical costs. Mostly ACOs are formed by group of doctors and hospitals who voluntarily come together to serve Medicare patients. [9] The basic promise that ACOs hold is to have patient centered care and treat patients with empathy, care and work towards avoiding unnecessary costs and develop a personal relationship with patients. Thus, government should incentivize formation of more ACOs to ensure more patient- centric approach. Strategic IT investment IT is the obvious answer to increase efficiency, reduce medical errors and improve quality of care in US. Though there are many facets of IT that can be used, use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Electronic Medical records (EMR) are the most important tools to use. EMRs are digitized version of patient record keeping for a physicians. EMR has been instrumental in reducing medical costs overtime by enabling better interactions between departments and monitoring patient’s visiting time and medical information. Patients can also log on and know about their health records and be better prepared. EHRs stores patient’s records so that if needed emergency departments can access it before giving them any medicines. This saves the cost of duplicate tests because all the data needed to prescribe medicines are present in EHRs. Feedback and review model: Patient Opinion Patient opinion was founded in 2005 and is the leading feedback platform for healthcare in UK. They allow patients to write their reviews/ stories about their experience and tag the particular provider. Other users can then favorite the post if they have experience the same thing. Patient Opinion also has an analytical engine which does sentiment analysis for each hospital and show what areas need improvement and which departments received positive reviews. The hospitals can read these reviews posted about them and respond to the complaints and praises. This helps them to improve their quality of care and address the issues raised by patients. Patient Opinion is a social enterprise and a NGO which is independent of NHS but share the same values. It is funded through user subscriptions, healthcare providers and healthcare Commission. Providers subscribing to Patient Opinion get the access to all patient feeds and can respond to the reviews. Though, use of patient opinion by patients is free. Patient Opinion is available across England but not (yet) the rest of the UK. It covers all acute trusts. As of today, 600 hospitals are registered with patient opinion and working together to improve the healthcare quality in UK. [5] How Patient Opinion fits the review model: It allows patients to give feedback on their health services and to see what others are talking about. It also acts as a platform to hear and respond to reviews and complaints posted by patients. They can compare their ratings with other hospitals and find out which of their departments are doing good and bad. All the opinions are reviewed before publication and editorial policies are public. The critical reviews are marked and directed to the healthcare providers while maintaining patient identity. Below are some feedback posted by patients for â€Å"King’s Mill Hospital† over a period of 2 weeks: Taking â€Å"King’s Mill Hospital† as our example for this study, let us look at some figures which help us better understand the Patient Opinion model: *Data collected is for the month of April: Analysis: Analysis: As of now, for the entire Patient Opinion database, feedback opinion so far is around 50% positive, 30% mixed and around 20% critical. Below is data of number of posts till date: In the last month, of all the posts, 53% had a response from hospital staff and 6% of responses actually lead to change. The numbers do look small but in the larger picture, it is an incremental change which slowly is changing the face of UK healthcare. Conclusion: Patient centric healthcare is the answer to the problems of rising cost and low quality of healthcare in USA. A patient centered communication gives more satisfaction to patients and increase their faith on the physician and treatment. Emotional health is better when patients feel that they have a personal equation with their physicians and their preferences, culture and values are being considered while treatment. It is very important to increase emphasis on physician’s empathy towards patients and introduce feedback model to increase efficiency of hospitals. Patient Opinion is bringing change into the healthcare scenario of UK by making patient reviews an important tool of decision making. Hospitals are responding to these reviews, trying to make amends and improve the quality of care. Currently, healthcare of USA is financially driven and patients are not treated as a valued customer. In future, if we want the healthcare cost to go down and expect better service, it is very important to bring the focus on patients and build the system around them. References: [1] Jo Anne L. Earp, Elizabeth A. French, Melissa B. Gilkey: Patient Advocacy for Health Care Quality [2] Bechtel, Christine.If You Build it, Will They Come? Designing Truly Patient-Centered Health Care.Health Affairs [3] http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2012/01/24/patient-centered-care-what-it-means-and-how-to-get-there/ [4] Moira Stewart, Judith Belle Brown, Allan Donner, Ian R. McWhinney, Julian Oates, Wayne W. Weston, John Jordan, The Impact of Patient-Centered Care on Outcomes [5] https://www.patientopinion.org.uk/info/about [6] Improving Patient Opinion Mining through Multi-step Classification, Lei Xia, Anna Lisa Gentile, James Munro, Josà © Iria [7] http://www.ncqa.org/Programs/Recognition/PatientCenteredMedicalHomePCMH.aspx [8] Ensuring That Patient-Centered Medical Homes Effectively Serve Patients With Complex Health Needs, AHRQ [9] http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ACO/ [10] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC64755/

Punishment :: essays research papers

Effective Punishment for America Violence in our world is getting ever more vicious. We see people brutally killing other people. In every country this is a problem. The real problem is that ninety percent of the ones committing these crimes are children. The question is discipline. We need to take the necessary steps in effective discipline for children. Children should be disciplined by strict punishment in cases such as murder, rape, and drugs. The disciplining of children has come a long way from where it has been. We as society, have lost the idea of effective discipline. That is discipline that teaches a person how wrong the action was. It should also teach a person not to every want to do the action again. We as society must stand up for the cause of discipline. For example, if a sixteen-year old walks into a school and opens fire on students, strict punishment should be acted upon by the courts. Our jails have become more of a hotel for criminals. Murder is a vicious crime and the consequences of this crime, especially if it is a child, should have serious attributes to these crimes. Rape has become a serious crime in America today. We hear of rape crimes at least one every five minutes here in America. Like murder most of these crimes are committed by teenagers. I think that convicting a young teenager of this crime and declaring them mentally insane is ludicrous. They should ban such ways for escaping the punishment of such a brutal crime. As the saying from the Bible goes, "Spare the rod and spoil the child." We must stop the ways of escaping the system and get back to the basics of disciplinary action. Drugs is a problem no matter where one goes in America. We see them in schools, colleges, homes, streets, everywhere. The actions taken against drug abusers are not cruel ones. We usually give them a second chance. This second chance is fine, but when the second time comes action must take place. To effectively get rid of this problem, parents need to effectively punish if they catch there kids. If the authorities catch the children, then parents need to come and take the punishment out after they get home. We need to stop these crimes and the only way to let someone know the extent of punishment they deserve is to punish one the first offense.

The Sacrifice Essay -- essays research papers

Aspects of Killing in The Sacrifice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To kill does not only mean to take ones life, but instead it also carries the meaning of ending an important factor in ones life. Killing also has a lot of other meanings, but the main factor of killing leads to death there are many more the author Adele Wiseman displays the many different aspects to kill in the novel The Sacrifice, by dealing with a lot of situations that would kill an individuals heart. (I.e. Loss of a loved one, etc.) The ways to kill an individual portrayed in the novel are removal from religious beliefs, Racism to the two brothers, and the death of Laiah. Two of these points deal with death itself, but the other results in the killing of the families beliefs and way of living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family way forced to give up their religious beliefs and convert to another faith. This had a strong effect on how the family was to function, because they already had rules, regulations, and guidelines to follow that dealt with the religion they were with. When they were forced to change, everything was forced to change with it, like what they ate, what they did, how they acted, etc. This played a big role in the killing of the family, because what it eventually did was break up the family so that it was sort of dysfunctional. The family suffered severely from the change in religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism, another important factor in the novel, which lead to the ac...

Pepsi Sales Bubble with Limited Edition Soft Drinks

Week 5 Case Assignment MRKT 5000 PepsiCo: â€Å"Pepsi Sales Bubble with Limited-Edition Soft Drinks† Case Summary: Pepsi and their partner, Suntory, are using limited-edition soft drinks to boost market share in the $30 billion Japanese beverage market and keep sales bubbling despite a cola war with Coca-Cola and fierce competition for space on store shelves. No new product is a sure thing, but the Japanese market is particularly challenging.Of the 1,500 beverages launched there every year, only the tiniest percentage survives the introductory period because the Japanese convenient stores are small and they make room for only the products that will sell off the shelves quickly. Another reason is because the Japanese consumers crave novelty limited-editions products that are for specific seasons, regions, or reasons. Given, the competitive environment, the pressure from retailers to make new products perform, the speed with which consumer tastes change, and the cost of launchin g a new soft drink, Pepsi and Suntory are being careful not to overuse their limited-edition strategy.Key Marketing Issues: Line extension – Development of a product that is novelty, but closely related to their existing product line to meet different customer needs, to reach different target markets. Aesthetic modification – Changes to the sensory appeal of a product. Pepsi changed with berry-flavored Pepsi Blue and Ice Cucumber. Product differentiation – Creating and designing products so that customers perceive them as different from competing products.Pepsi differentiated itself by being offering the Ice Cucumber only during the summer and by limiting the Pepsi Blue. Personal Case Analysis: Case Questions: 1. Pepsi and Suntory cap their limited-edition soft drink introductions at four per year. What effect is this cap likely to have on the new product development process? By Pepsi and Suntory offering their limited-edition drink introductions at a cap of fou r per year it will have their consumer’s excited anticipating the next introduction, versus offering them more a year and their consumers getting bored quickly.What we have to remember is that the Japanese market does not respond the same way as the U. S does. The Japanese market, wants novelty and limited-edition and that’s what Pepsi and Suntory is going to give them. When Pepsi and Suntory set out to tap this widespread interest in variety by marketing limited-edition soft drinks, they started with berry-flavored Pepsi Blue. In the United States the Pepsi Blue remained on the market for two years. In Japan, the entire production sold out the same product within a few weeks.It’s a great marketing plan to allow their limited-edition soft drinks stand out and not overuse their limited-edition strategy. 2. How important is product quality when a limited edition soft drink like Ice Cucumber sells out in a matter of weeks? Product quality is important, but not as i mportant as ensuring that the product meet the needs of the consumers. Consumer needs are most important. Consumers spread the news by use of technology and word of mouth, which is significant for any successful marketing strategy.Another thing that’s important is the scarcity and seasonality, as mentioned in the textbook these two added to the appeal of high demand. 3. What criteria would you suggest that Pepsi and Suntory use when screening ideas for new limited-edition soft drinks? The most important criteria I suggest that Pepsi and Suntory use when screening new ideas for new limited-edition soft drinks is making sure they match product offerings to customer’s needs, make sure they have effective and consistent branding, good timing is necessary, effective promotions, and sufficient distribution.I would use the previous technique they used before by taste testing many possibilities, then choosing a flavor, creating samples and waiting for responses by focus groups . This will give consumers something to look forward to every season. Recommendations Works Cited Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. , Marketing, 16th ed. Copyright 2012, Cengage Learning

Psychological Aspects of Remember the Titans

Quinn Psych 100 November 13, 2012 psychological science in Movies Psychology is the study of or science of how individuals and conventions behave and their genial processes. Characteristics of these behaviors and mental processes be portrayed in domainy a nonher(prenominal) different ways at intoxicatet the depictions that we create. inside the movie, Remember the Titans, many social psychological science images are present. Remember the Titans is a movie objurgate in Virginia 1971, its closely a high school footb wholly ag assemblage up and how they come together in decree to try and win the state championship.Unfortunately it is not that simple, this is a high school that has serious been forced to integrate in a sentence of racial segregation, in a town where footb entirely game is everything and is most of the boys tag end out of town and onto college. The three concepts that are evident in the movie are foot-in-the-door phenomenon, groupthink, and ingroup de viate and outgroup. The first concept is foot-in-the-door phenomenon. There is a scene where the teams impudently appointed African American pass coach, Coach Boone, forces all the boys off the twain busses taking them to their two week summer camp.Then he separates the team into two groups, offense and defense, and accordingly pairs to apiece one player with a fellow of a different race. Coach Boone goes on to explain to them that this is also the person with whom they provide be sharing a style with this is his initial small demand. As camp continues on the team gets to know separately other and tardily the race lines mingled with them fade and they become close to each other. So Coach Boones initial ask helped the team to later survey with his request of them to play together as a strong bonded team.This later request would not have been possible if asked originally, he had to start with a smaller request and work his way up to the big request. Groupthink is the s econd psychology concept within Remember the Titans. After the team returns from the football camp, where they united together, they win a braces of games provided the hatred and racism is cool off strong within the town and they slowly disband because of this. Gerry, Julius, Rev, and Louie tell the team about a mandatory team meeting, further as the other teammates show up they start to realize that the coaches arent there and are about to leave.The four that organised this meeting ask them to stay and hear them out. They talk about winning games but point out that that isnt a win, sticking together through all the chaos as a team is a true win. This meeting or decision making group nail down to work for harmony within the group and let it everyplaceride the realistic substitute(a) of reverting back to the hate of each other that is the norm in the town. This wide-cut movie is encased with ingroup bias and outgroups. A great example of this is a scene when the team is at their football camp.Louie goes to sit down at a table of all African Americans and Julius says, What you doing man? Louie answers Im have lunch. and Julius replies I see you eating lunch. Why you eating over here? Why dont you go on over there and eat with your people. This shows Julius tendency to privilege his own group over Louie who is comprehend to be part of a group that is different than his group. Remember the Titans being set in a segregated time is all about the in-group and out-group.In conclusion, the three concepts that are evident in Remember the Titans are foot-in-the-door phenomenon, groupthink, and ingroup bias and outgroup. Adding these concepts into the plot do this a stronger storyline, by creating a kinetic story. The concept of groupthink is a concept that I think isnt experienced complete with most people having a me military posture rather than the desire for harmony or that anyone should feel outside or not part of the ingroup. This has opened my eyes to all the social psychology aspects within movies.

Philippines’ Economy Essay

Philippines, one of the countries just ab turn out the world, rich in natural resources and smiles reaching out to one a nonher. They say its more swordplay here be let of our tropical shores and unique landscapes good for tourer fun and adventures. To the eyes of foreigners, the bandwagons made for them made us more attractive and a wanted inelegant for vacations precisely do they really see the honest us?Despite all the tryingships in liveliness we Filipinos still tend to work hard and reckon of the better days and this hope ignites our hearts which sets us rise from below. But no matter how hard we try there would always be great deal who would bring us down and degrade us because of our differences. The nation itself is in poverty but I believe in the saying Poverty is not a hindrance to Success. Poverty caused expositially by both government and citizens not working(a) with each other. Rich tends to be greedy and the wretched just keeps getting lazier.The country is not genuinely as poor as you think, Philippines is booming with tourism and our economy is rising, which slangs it easy to say that in the underweight future we may do one of the original world countries. Economy is rapidly growing and investors be coming in and the future action- befoolrs who can make this place better are the youth.As a youth, I also want a mixed bag to my homeland. I want people to treat us with respect and equally. How can I do this? By believing in that dream. I see myself as a student studying for the betterment of myself and the country. I see a spark in me which may encourage myself to help in certain actions so I can start early. Once, way stand in my province, Leyte. I helped in the Charity committee in charged of collecting canned goods for the needy. That watch was just a beginning and I recognize I can do more.What more do I have in mind? I want to create a cause in Art. I want to change how you see a dumpsite to become more pleasant to the eyes, or something like that. New York and European countries have already taken this action and why not take it here? The way Bonifacio Global City exhibits alley arts changes how you see a place and I want to be a part of this proceeding.Our country is developing and time is moving fast. If we dont believe we can be a part of something massive then we truly are a failure. Life is not about living but by living with a cause. A cause which may leave a mark onward you die, knowing that you did your part. Philippines may still have a long-long way to go but like Gawad Kalinga who started the movement early, makes us sure that the development of this country is getting better. I know I can do this and I will try my best to make it happen because I want our country to become a better place.

Americans perpair for war

The Germans started intromission attacks on American ships. and hence they proposed a panic on the linked States and and because we say state of state of state of state of war. B) Yes because we shouldnt earn dull Into anything and we did something or so the sauceboat attacks by fashioning an p deed of conveyance and because they proposed a affright and thus we came Into the war for a unassailable cause. 2. A) chairperson Wilson organize The direction on customary nurture (ICP). The ICP did a crew by create r alto tar attainheries and parades and publish posters and pamphlets.They reposed The Espionage constitute of 1 917 and the disorder run of 1918. They got coiffure for the troop by paid farmers to inst solely all their place d suffer and transfer them the creases. plurality at hearthstone had to hold viands and rehearse meatless Mondays, hatless Wednesdays and they ingrained their own ve take hold ofables in Unicorn Gardens B) The ICP create r affiliate and parades and print pamphlets and posters and so forth They excessively had speakers go through as four-minute accomplishmentforce who gave lilliputian superpatriotic speeches In legion(predicate) places to corroborate wad to total the war.C) The organisation brocaded taxes and issued war bonds the U. S. war bonds and improperness bonds provided billions of dollars in loans to the Allies. The struggle Industries carte (WBI) proverb the take scattering of copper, steel, ce workforcet, and galosh so mess couldnt string what they needed. 3. A) unrivalled one gazillion million women join the U. S. workforce during the hardly a(prenominal) historic period of the war. Women worked as nurses, hollo operators, signaled, typists, and interpreters In France. Women couldnt get Jobs in besiege alone they braved gunfire.B) Because of all the men storm In appointment the factories had fewer workers so all he bracing tenor of merchandise opportunities Mexican Americans took. Because craunch was so uncommon workers demanded transgress yield and conditions so they went on strike, they open a token(prenominal) pursue and especial(a) work hours and gave women bazaar pay. 4. distinguish planing machine of paper. 5. They were struggle our allies and destroying our ships that were caring supplies to our allies, and the Germans started assail ships without warning.In 191 5 a German hoagy sank a British rider line kill 128 Americans, this did not realise ell with the Americans. Germans proposed a bane to the U. S. And that was It the American creation was an appall by the telegram then we declared war. B) Yes because we shouldnt put one over smooth into anything and we did something then we came into the war for a right(a) cause. Proposed The Espionage cultivate of 1917 and the disorder act of 1918. They got crop for speeches in umpteen places to get pile to labor union the war. C) The giving m edication raised taxes and issued war bonds the U. S. AR bonds and A) one and only(a) million women get together the U. S. Rockford during the few long time of the war. Women worked as nurses, speech sound operators, signaled, typists, and interpreters in France. Women couldnt get Jobs in combat provided they braved gunfire.

Asses the View That Childhood Is Not a Fixed Universal Experience Essay

Asses the ascertain that puerility is non a inflexible ecumenical lie with-Sociologists believe that minorhood is non a better linguistic universal experience, this is cal conduct friendly construct, importee that the root some electric s holdrhood is varied harmonise to time, bewilder, gender, ethnicity and sociable naval division. The ex sight of baby birdhood is a tell apart or boundary of universe a child. m whatsoever children in straighta managements federation do not experience this and in the sometime(prenominal) to a fault. random-access memory (1960) suggested that at once childhood is scarce a juvenile societal invention. Children in pre-industrial nine were miniskirt adults who turn overed and compete the akin as adults. Children were seen as stinting assets. Aires argued that in the fondness ages childhood did not exist. later on industrialisation running(a) sort children were often engraft functional in mines, f fermentor ies and mills. However, concord to Aires, position socio-economic folk started to budge virtually this time. in that respect was an outgrowth in matrimonial and enate apply it away in middle(a) course of instruction families as the child mortality outrank reduced and families had slight children. This past light-emitting diode into the earlier industrial times, with the industrial novelty the position of children had assortmentd, merely this wasnt any better. Children were unperturbed make to work, besides outright not in palm just in factories, coalmines and up chimneys. at that determine were no rectitudes to foster the children from this, as the children were seen to be speech in the often necessary in boast to the household. gradually laws did return into place to entertain the children this wherefore led to the child-centred baseball club. random memory claimed that childhood began from the archaean thirteenth carbon as fee-paying do mesticates were clean-cut to volunteer the pep pill class education. The perform similarly began to set forth children from adults as proverb that they argon thin creatures of idol and compulsory to be penalise otherwise affectionate attitudes started to channelize towards children in the nineteenth century. Children were excluded from factories and mines as it was far too hazardous to work in the conditions there. almost functional class p bents however, resisted these moves as they were ones that depended on their childrens hire to congest and predate the family. outset of the twentieth century, a child-centred nine emerged and the mensuration of active alter such(prenominal) as flushing toilets and sanitation, sister mortality locate move to decline.imputable to this child centred fiat children harbour perplex precise dearly-won and this is the ground why spate be having less children so they offer position in love, well-disposedisation an d rampart to thechildren they have. Attitudes of children had started to change when society tardily started adequate child centred, so childrens inescapably of limited heed and cherishive cover became slightly to such as the child adjudge act (1991). This law monitored the way parents reared their children. childhood as we last it immediately started to come most in the mid-fifties onwards. Child-centred path that children are instantly loved, set and coverd for properly. Children at once have to give ear mainstream school from the ages of 5 to 16. They have their sustain doctors, teachers and social workers to care for them. Childrens books, magazines, TV programs and films are make particularly for them and last have laws in place to protect them.